Explanation

Magma is molten rock that forms beneath the Earth's surface, often in the mantle or crust.

When magma erupts from a volcano, it is called lava.

Explanation

• Economy is not considered an essential element.

The four essential elements of a State are:

1. Population
2. Territory
3. Government
4. Sovereignty

Explanation

Muhammad bin Qasim, an Arab general, attacked Raja Dahir, the last Hindu king of Sindh, in 712 CE.

At that time the age of Muhammad bin Qasim was 17 years.

Raja Dahir was defeated and killed in the Battle of Aror.

Explanation

Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah was a Pakistani politician.

Shaista Ikramullah was appointed to Pakistan's delegation to the United Nations in 1948.

She served as the country's ambassador to Italy and later to Morocco.

She was born in 1915, Kolkata.

She was died in 2000, Karachi.

She authored the book "From Purdah to parliament".

Explanation

Colin Powell was the first African American to serve as the United States Secretary of State.

He holding the position from 2001 to 2005.

He serve under President George W. Bush.

Explanation

Burma was a British colony.

It was a part of British India from 1824 to 1937.

It was separated from the rest of India in 1937.

It gained independence on January 4, 1948.

The country is now called Myanmar.

Explanation

Allama Iqbal's PhD thesis, submitted to the University of Munich (Germany) in 1908 and published in the same year.

It was titled "The Development of Metaphysics in Persia".

Iqbal qualified for a scholarship from Trinity College, University of Cambridge, and obtained a Bachelor of Arts in 1906.

Explanation

• The Golgi apparatus is a membrane-bound organelle that contains enzymes.
• It is responsible for processing and modifying proteins and lipids synthesized by the endoplasmic reticulum.
• It is a key component of the cellular machinery involved in protein secretion and cell signaling.

Explanation