Explanation

• Gateway — connects networks with different protocols; performs protocol conversion (works up to the application layer).

Additional information:

• Bridge — connects networks using the same protocol (data link layer).
• Router — connects networks using the same protocol, typically IP (network layer).

Last updated NA on 10-09-2026

Explanation

• F2: Renames a selected file, folder, or icon.

Additional information:

• F1: Help
• F2: Rename
• F3: Search files/folders
• F4: +Alt: Close window
• F5: Refresh
• F6: Jump to address bar
• F7: Spell/grammar check
• F8: Safe Mode at startup
• F9: Update fields
• F10: Activate menu bar
• F11: Full screen
• F12: Save As

Last updated NA on 10-09-2026

Explanation

• The Windows + M key combination is used to minimize all open windows on your screen. 

Additional information:

• Windows key + D: Show or hide the desktop
• Windows key + M: Minimize all open windows
• Windows key + Left/Right Arrow: Snap the active window to the left or right side of the screen
• Windows key + Up Arrow: Maximize the active window
• Windows key + Down Arrow: Minimize the active window
• Alt + Tab: Switch between different open windows or programs
• Alt + F4: Close the active window or app

Last updated NA on 10-09-2026

Explanation

• CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access.
•  It is a digital wireless radio transmission technology
• Used in mobile phones and communication networks

Last updated NA on 10-09-2026

Explanation

• MICR = Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
• M: Magnetic
• I: Ink
• C: Character
• R: Recognition
• It is mainly used by banks to process cheques.
• MICR reads characters printed with magnetic ink quickly and accurately.

Last updated NA on 10-09-2026

Explanation

• In Microsoft Excel, pressing Ctrl + 1 opens the Format Cells dialog box. 

MS Excel Shortcut Keys

• Ctrl + N New Workbook
• Ctrl + O Open Workbook
• Ctrl + S Save Workbook
• Ctrl + P Print
• Ctrl + K Insert Hyperlink
• Ctrl + ; Insert Current Date
• Ctrl + Shift + ; Insert Current Time

Last updated NA on 10-09-2026

Explanation

• A half-byte, also known as a nibble.
• Size: It consists of 4 bits, which is exactly half of an 8-bit byte.
• It can represent 16 different values, from 0000 to 1111.
• It is also called a tetrade, quadbit, or semi-octet

Last updated NA on 10-09-2026

Explanation

• ISDN stands for Integrated Services Digital Network.
• It is a set of communication standards.
• It transmits voice, video, and data simultaneously.

Last updated NA on 10-09-2026

Explanation

• DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.
• It is a network protocol that automatically assigns devices IP addresses and other network configuration settings.
• DHCP helps devices connect to a network without manually entering an IP address.

Last verified on 10-09-2026

Explanation

• A plotter is an output device.
• It is used to produce vector graphics, drawings, maps, and engineering designs on paper.
• Plotters are commonly used in CAD (Computer-Aided Design).