Explanation

• Diamond is a naturally occurring allotropic form of carbon.
• Allotropy means a single element can exist in more than one form with different structures and properties.
• It is extremely hard.
• It has a high melting point.
• It is widely used in jewelry and cutting tools.

Additional information:

• Graphite – soft, good conductor
• Fullerenes (C60) – spherical molecules
• Carbon nanotubes – tubular, high strength
• Amorphous carbon – coal, soot
• Lonsdaleite – hexagonal diamond

Last verified on 17-01-2026

Explanation

• Battery is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy.
• Batteries work by using a galvanic cell.
• It is an electrochemical device made up of two electrodes and an electrolyte solution.

Last verified on 16-03-2026

Explanation

• Nicolaus Copernicus is called the Father of Modern Astronomy.
• He introduced the heliocentric theory in 1543.
• This theory stated that the Sun is at the center of the solar system.
• His ideas changed the old belief that Earth is the center.

Additional information:

• Galileo Galilei, a later figure, is often called the "father of observational astronomy".

Last verified on 01-06-2026

Explanation

• The Earth’s circumference at the equator is about 40,075 km (24,901 miles).
• Measured through the poles, it is slightly smaller: 40,008 km (24,860 miles).
• The difference is due to the equatorial bulge caused by Earth's rotation.
• Diameter: ~12,756 km (7,926 miles).
• Age of Earth: ~4.453 billion years.

Last verified on 31-03-2026

Explanation

• Penicillin, the first true antibiotic, was discovered by Alexander Fleming.
• He made this discovery in 1928 at St. Mary’s Hospital, London.
• He found that a mould (Penicillium) killed bacteria in culture dishes.
• His findings were officially published in 1929.
• First patient treated: Albert Alexander (12 February 1941)

Last verified on 01-06-2026

Explanation

• Sea water contains a high amount of dissolved salts.
• Because of salinity, its freezing point is lower than fresh water.
• Fresh water freezes at 0°C, but saltwater freezes at a lower temperature.

Last verified on 01-06-2026

Explanation

• DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid.
• DNA is a biological molecule found in all living cells.
• It carries genetic information from parents to offspring.
• It controls growth, development, and body functions.
• DNA is present in the nucleus of cells (mainly in chromosomes).
• It is made of nucleotides arranged in a double helix structure.
• It was discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick (1953 structure model).

Last verified on 01-06-2026

Explanation

• The largest planet in our solar system is Jupiter.
• 5th planet
• 79 known moons (Maximum number of moons)
• The Great Red Spot is a prominent feature
• Giant planet and the fastest-rotating planet 
• Rotates approximately once every 10 hours.
• Age is about 4.603 billion years.

Additional information

• Mercury is the smallest planet of the solar system.

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Last updated by NA on 25-April-2026

Explanation

• Satellites and the Moon move in an elliptical orbit around Earth.
• Their distance from Earth changes at different points in the orbit.
• The farthest point from Earth is given a special scientific name called apogee.
• The closest point has a different name called perigee.

Last verified on 31-05-2026

Explanation

• Earth moves around the Sun in an elliptical orbit.
• Because of this, the distance between Earth and Sun changes during the year.
• The point where Earth is closest to the Sun is called perihelion.
• This occurs in early January every year.

Last verified on 31-05-2026