Explanation

• ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol.
• It is used in computer networks to map IP addresses to MAC addresses.
• ARP works within a local area network (LAN).
• It was defined in 1982 by RFC 826, which is Internet Standard STD 37.

Last updated by NA on 05-11-2026

Explanation

• DMA stands for Direct Memory Access.
• It is a method that allows an I/O device to transfer data directly to or from main memory (RAM).
• The CPU does not need to handle every individual byte of the transfer.
• DMA can improve data-transfer speed and reduce CPU workload.
• It is commonly used for devices such as disk drives, network cards, and sound cards.

Last updated by NA on 05-11-2026

Explanation

• DOS stands for Disk Operating System.
• It is an early type of computer operating system used to manage files and programs.
• It works through text-based commands (command line).
• A famous example is MS-DOS used in early PCs. 
• Dennis Ritchie is the father of MS-DOS.
• It was developed in 1982.

Last updated by NA on 05-11-2026

Explanation

CAD, or CADD, is short for computer-aided design or computer-aided design and drafting.

CAD is a software used in the computer systems by: 

• Engineers
• Architects
• Drafters
• Artists

Last updated by NA on 04-11-2026

Explanation

• MSE stands for Mean Squared Error
• It measures the average of the squared differences between actual and predicted values.
• It is used as a loss function to evaluate the performance of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs).
• Lower MSE = smaller prediction errors.