Explanation

• Mitochondria are called the powerhouse of the cell.
• Because they produce Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP).
• ATP is the energy currency of the cell.
• ATP provides energy for different cellular activities such as movement, growth, and transport.
• Energy is produced through aerobic cellular respiration using oxygen and الغذائی molecules.
• They are found in the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells.
• Richard Altmann first described mitochondria in 1890.

Main Parts of a Cell:

1. Cell membrane → Outer protective layer
2. Nucleus → Controls cell activities
3. Cytoplasm → Jelly-like material between membrane and nucleus

Last verified on 09-05-2026

Explanation

• Programmed cell death is known as apoptosis.
• It is a controlled process that allows the body to eliminate damaged or unnecessary cells without causing inflammation.

Last verified on 11-02-2026

Explanation

• Germ Theory of Disease states that microorganisms (germs) cause diseases.
• Proposed by Louis Pasteur (1822–1895), a French scientist.
• This theory revolutionized medicine, leading to vaccines and sterilization methods.

Additional information:

• Robert Koch later developed techniques to identify specific germs for specific diseases.

Last verified on 29-01-2026

Explanation

Heavy proteinuria is the hallmark feature of nephrotic syndrome in children.

It leads to hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia, confirming the diagnosis.

Explanation

Physiotherapy in cerebral palsy helps enhance motor function and mobility, promoting independence.

Regular exercises can reduce muscle stiffness and improve coordination and gait.

Explanation

Understanding how the injury occurred helps the nurse assess fracture type, severity, and risk for associated injuries.

It guides further diagnostic evaluation and immediate care.

Explanation

Deep breathing exercises help mobilize and clear respiratory secretions.

They improve lung expansion and ventilation, aiding recovery in pneumonia.

Explanation

Severe or untreated otitis media can spread to intracranial structures.

Meningitis is a serious, life-threatening complication resulting from such spread.

Explanation

Frequent swallowing after tonsillectomy often indicates blood trickling into the throat.

It is an early sign of postoperative hemorrhage and requires immediate assessment.

Explanation

Common signs of hypernatremia include dry skin, altered sensorium, and seizures due to cellular dehydration.

Tingling sensation is more typically associated with electrolyte imbalances like hypocalcemia, not hypernatremia.