Explanation

• DOS stands for Disk Operating System
• DOS is a command-line-based operating system.
• Users type commands to perform tasks.
• It does not primarily use a graphical interface like Windows.

Explanation

• IBM 1401 belongs to the second generation. 
• Second generation of computers: 1956 to 1963
• Used in the second generation: Transistors

Additional information:

• IBM stands for International Business Machines
• Founded on June 16, 1911. 
• Formerly: Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (1911–1924)
• Renamed to IBM: 1924
• Founders
• George Winthrop Fairchild
• Charles Ranlett Flint
• Herman Hollerith
• Headquarters: 1 Orchard Road, Armonk, New York, United States
• Area served: 170 countries

Explanation

• Breaking or guessing a password is commonly called password cracking

Additional information:

• Hacking → Gaining unauthorized access to systems.
• Phishing → Tricking users to obtain sensitive information.
• Formatting → Preparing or erasing a storage device.

Explanation

• There are 128 characters in standard ASCII, numbered from 0 to 127.
• (Note: Extended ASCII uses 8 bits to provide 256 characters, but the original standard ASCII uses a 7-bit code). 

Additional information:

• • ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
  • Purpose: Character encoding standard.
  • Includes letters, numbers & symbols.
  • Work began in May 1961.
  • Definitive version published in 1967.

Explanation

• Compiler: Translates high-level language → machine language.
• Machine Language: Binary code (0s and 1s).
• Compiler: Translates the whole program before execution.

• Interpreter: Translates code line by line at runtime.
• Modem: Modulates and demodulates signals for communication; it does not translate programming languages.

Last updated NS on 13-09-2026