Explanation

• Ringworm is a fungal infection caused by dermatophytes, including Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton.
• Despite its name, ringworm is not caused by a worm.
• It often produces a circular, red, itchy rash on the skin.
• The infection may affect the scalp, body, feet, or groin, depending on the site of infection.

Last verified on 27-10-2026

Explanation

• High aluminum exposure can be toxic, particularly to the nervous system, and may cause neurological problems.
• Aluminum has been investigated for a possible association with Alzheimer’s disease.

Last verified on 25-10-2026

Explanation

• Hepatitis A vaccination provides effective protection against the Hepatitis A virus.
• Hepatitis A mainly spreads through contaminated food or water and the fecal–oral route.
• Washing hands thoroughly with soap and clean water, especially after using the toilet and before preparing or eating food, helps prevent infection.
• Drinking safe water and eating properly prepared food further reduce the risk of transmission.

Last verified on 21-10-2026

Explanation

• An endemic is the constant or usual presence of a disease in a particular area or population.
• An epidemic occurs when disease cases rise above the expected level within a specific region or population.
• A pandemic is an epidemic that spreads across multiple countries or continents, often affecting large numbers of people.
• Option 3 is incorrect because a pandemic is a global epidemic, not a global endemic.

Last verified on 21-10-2026

Explanation

• SARS-CoV-2: Coronavirus that causes COVID-19.
• First identified: Late 2019.
• Transmission: Mainly through respiratory particles.
• COVID-19: Stands for Coronavirus Disease 2019.