Explanation

• The sacred book of Zoroastrianism is the Zend Avesta (Avesta).
• It contains teachings of the prophet Zoroaster (Zarathustra).
• It focuses on the concept of good vs evil (Ahura Mazda vs Angra Mainyu).
• It is one of the oldest religious texts in the world.
• It was originally written in the Avestan language.

Last verified on 27-04-2026

Explanation

• A land tax imposed on non-Muslim cultivators and landlords was known as Kharaj
• Non-Muslim subjects paid kharaj on their lands;
• Muslim landowners generally paid 'ushr

Additional information:

• Jizyah: Personal tax on eligible non-Muslim adult males
• Khums: One-fifth (20%) of war booty and certain other specified gains
• Zakat: 2.5% annual tax on eligible Muslim wealth
• Ushr: One-tenth (10%) of agricultural produce from naturally irrigated Muslim-owned land

Last updated 08 Nov 2026 by NA

Explanation

• The family is considered the basic unit of society in Islamic civilization.
• Islam emphasizes marriage, mutual respect, care for parents, and the proper upbringing of children.
• Family life helps develop moral values, social responsibility, cooperation, and compassion.
• The Qur’an commands Muslims to maintain good relations with parents and relatives (Surah An-Nisa, 4:36).

Last verified on 19-10-2026

Explanation

• Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that judges actions by their consequences.
• It seeks to maximize overall happiness or well-being.
• Its core principle is the greatest good for the greatest number.
• Major thinkers associated with utilitarianism include Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.

Last verified on 13-09-2026

Explanation

• A person who reads the Kalima of Islam verbally and calls himself Muslim but disbelieves it heartily is called a “Hypocrite” (Munafiq).
• Munafiq is a person who in public and in the community shows that he is a Muslim but rejects Islam 
  
• In Islam, the munafiq or false Muslims or false believers.
• The hypocrisy itself is called nifāq (نفاق).

Last verified on 23-08-2026