Explanation

• Modem is a computer hardware device used for communication over a network.
• Modem stands for Modulator-Demodulator.
• A modem converts digital data into signals suitable for transmission.
• It also converts incoming signals back into digital data.
• Modems are commonly used to provide Internet connectivity.

Last verified on 15-09-2026

Explanation

• Junk mail is also called spam.
• The name comes from an old Monty Python comedy sketch.
• It is commonly used for ads, scams, or fake promotions.
  

Additional information:

• Spoof means pretending to be another sender (email spoofing).
• Email services use spam filters to block junk mail automatically.

Explanation

• DOS stands for Disk Operating System
• DOS is a command-line-based operating system.
• Users type commands to perform tasks.
• It does not primarily use a graphical interface like Windows.

Explanation

• IBM 1401 belongs to the second generation. 
• Second generation of computers: 1956 to 1963
• Used in the second generation: Transistors

Additional information:

• IBM stands for International Business Machines
• Founded on June 16, 1911. 
• Formerly: Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (1911–1924)
• Renamed to IBM: 1924
• Founders
• George Winthrop Fairchild
• Charles Ranlett Flint
• Herman Hollerith
• Headquarters: 1 Orchard Road, Armonk, New York, United States
• Area served: 170 countries

Explanation

• Breaking or guessing a password is commonly called password cracking

Additional information:

• Hacking → Gaining unauthorized access to systems.
• Phishing → Tricking users to obtain sensitive information.
• Formatting → Preparing or erasing a storage device.