Explanation

• The East India Company was established on 31 December 1600.
• Queen Elizabeth I, the last monarch of the Tudor dynasty, granted the Company its royal charter.
• Elizabeth I died in 1603, after which the Stuart dynasty began with James I.

Last verified on 08-09-2026

Explanation

Lucknow Pact (December 1916) was an agreement between:

• Indian National Congress – headed by Bal Gangadhar Tilak
• All-India Muslim League – led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah

• Congress adopted the pact at Lucknow session on 29 December 1916.
• Muslim League approved it on 31 December 1916.

Last verified on 19-01-2026

Explanation

• Sir Syed Ahmad Khan wrote this (Risala-i-Asbab-e-Baghawat-i-Hind) pamphlet after the War of Independence of 1857.
• It examined the causes of the revolt and attempted to explain the reasons for the uprising.
• He also sought to remove misunderstandings about the Muslims’ involvement in the revolt.
• The pamphlet was written in 1858.

Last verified on 08-09-2026

Explanation

• Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah strongly opposed the Rowlatt Act of 1919.
• The Act allowed the British government to detain people without trial and restricted civil liberties.
• Jinnah resigned from the Imperial Legislative Council in protest against the Act.

Last verified on 06-09-2026

Explanation

• The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched by the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1920 under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.
• It aimed to oppose British rule through non-violent non-cooperation.
• The movement was formally adopted at the Nagpur Session of Congress in December 1920.

Last verified on 06-09-2026