Explanation

• Ecological succession is the gradual change in community structure over time.
• It may occur in newly formed habitats or after disturbances.
• Primary and secondary succession are its two major types.

Last verified on 07-11-2026

Explanation

• Energy decreases at each successive trophic level.
• Only a small proportion of energy passes to the next level.
• Therefore, the pyramid of energy is always upright.

Last verified on 07-11-2026

Explanation

• A substitution mutation occurs when one nucleotide is replaced by another.
• It may be silent, missense or nonsense depending on its effect on the protein.
• Its consequences depend on the location and nature of the change.

Last verified on 07-11-2026

Explanation

• A locus is the specific physical position of a gene on a chromosome.
• Each gene occupies a particular locus on a chromosome.
• The plural of locus is loci.
• Different forms of the same gene, called alleles, occupy the same locus on homologous chromosomes.

Last verified on 07-11-2026

Explanation

• Plants need gas exchange for photosynthesis and respiration.
• Exchange of CO₂, O₂, and water vapor occurs through stomata on leaves.
• Stomata are tiny pores controlled by guard cells.

Additional information:

• Helps maintain internal water balance and gas diffusion.
• Essential for growth, energy production, and transpiration.

Last verified on 22-01-2026