Explanation

• An ideal fluid is inviscid and incompressible.
• Inviscid means it has zero viscosity (no internal friction).
• Incompressible means its density remains constant.
• Ideal fluids are theoretical concepts used to simplify fluid mechanics problems.
• Real fluids have some viscosity and may be slightly compressible.

Last verified on 04-08-2026

Explanation

• The curvature of the earth is considered when the survey area is more than 250 km².
• For smaller areas, the earth is assumed to be flat in plane surveying.
• For large areas, geodetic surveying is used.
• Earth curvature affects measurements of distance, angles, and elevations.

Last verified on 04-08-2026

Explanation

• An architect plays a pivot (pivotal) role in society.
• Architects design and plan buildings according to human needs.
• They contribute to the development of safe, functional, and aesthetic environments.
• Their work influences urban growth and community life.
• Architecture connects engineering, art, and social requirements.

Last verified on 04-08-2026

Explanation

• Pile foundation is suitable for heavy structures with uneven loading.
• Piles transfer structural loads to deeper and stronger soil layers.
• They are used where surface soil has low bearing capacity.
• Pile foundations reduce settlement and improve stability.
• They are commonly used in bridges, high-rise buildings, and industrial structures.

Last verified on 04-08-2026

Explanation

• Sewer line excavation is started from the outfall side.
• The outfall is the point where sewage is finally discharged.
• It ensures smooth flow of sewage by gravity.
• Proper gradient prevents blockage and overflow problems.

Last verified on 04-08-2026

Explanation

• River training works are mainly required for meandering type rivers.
• Meandering rivers continuously change their course due to erosion and deposition.
• River training structures control the flow direction and protect river banks.
• They help prevent flooding and bank erosion.
• Common works include spurs, guide banks, and embankments.

Last verified on 04-08-2026

Explanation

• PPM (Parts Per Million) is equivalent to mg/L for dilute water solutions.
• It is used to measure the concentration of dissolved or suspended solids in water.
• 1 mg/L ≈ 1 ppm in water.
• It is commonly used in water quality testing.

Additional information:

• TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) is usually expressed in mg/L or ppm.

Last verified on 04-08-2026

Explanation

• Flexibility is the ratio of the change in outlet discharge to the change in parent channel discharge.
• It indicates how well an outlet responds to variations in the parent channel flow.
• Flexibility is an important parameter in irrigation outlet design.
• A flexible outlet provides more uniform water distribution.
• It helps maintain proper irrigation supply.

Last verified on 04-08-2026

Explanation

• The chemical formula of alum (aluminium sulfate) is Al₂(SO₄)₃.
• Alum is widely used in water purification as a coagulant.
• It helps in the formation of flocs by combining suspended particles.
• It is also used in paper manufacturing and textile industries.
• Alum is an aluminium salt of sulfuric acid.

Last verified on 04-08-2026

Explanation

• The vertical members of scaffolding are called Standards.
• Standards are the main upright supports of a scaffold.
• They transfer the load of the platform and workers to the ground.

Additional information:

• Ledgers are horizontal members connecting standards.
• Braces provide diagonal stability to the scaffold.

Last verified on 08-04-2026