Explanation

The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine recognized work on peripheral immune tolerance

Awarded jointly to Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguch

They identified regulatory T cells (Tregs)—the immune system’s "security guards"—and the FOXP3 gene,

Explanation

Brackish water is a mixture of fresh water and salt water

It is most commonly found in estuaries

The salinity in estuaries is higher than freshwater but lower than seawater.

Explanation

The Dul Hasti Stage II hydropower project is built by India on the Chenab River 

Location: Kishtwar district, Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Approved in December 2025

Capacity: 260 MW.

Developer: NHPC Limited.

Explanation

P waves (primary waves) are the fastest seismic waves generated during an earthquake.

They travel through solids, liquids, and gases, compressing and expanding the material.

S waves (secondary waves) are slower and can only move through solids.

P waves are the first to be detected by seismographs.

Their higher speed helps in early warning systems for earthquakes.

Explanation

Glucose is mainly synthesized in plants through photosynthesis.

Carbon dioxide provides the carbon atoms needed for glucose formation.

Water (H₂O) provides hydrogen and electrons but does not contribute carbon.

Explanation

During beta-minus (β⁻) decay, a neutron transforms into a proton.

This process emits an electron (β⁻ particle) from the nucleus.

Along with the electron, an antineutrino is also emitted to conserve energy and momentum.

This conversion increases the atomic number of the element by one.

Beta decay is common in unstable isotopes trying to achieve nuclear stability.

Explanation

Shehbaz Sharif was the Prime Minister of Pakistan in December 2025. 

He was re-elected for a second term on March 3, 2024, and continued in office throughout 2025

Explanation

CPEC Phase-II is also called CPEC 2.0.

It focuses on industrialization and Special Economic Zones (SEZs).

Sectoral Focus: The focus has shifted toward industry, agriculture, mining, and IT.

Explanation

The 25th SCO Summit took place from 31 August to 1 September 2025.

It was hosted by China in the city of Tianjin.

It was the largest summit in SCO's history,

It was the fifth time that China hosted the meeting.

Explanation

Raja Faisal Mumtaz Rathore became the became the 16th prime minister of AJK in 2025.

He replaced Chaudhry Anwar-ul-Haq.

He became PM after no-confidence motion against Chaudhry Anwarul Haq succeeded.

He belongs to PPP.

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Updated & verified on 17 Dec 2025