Explanation

• AutoCAD: Primarily a computer-aided design (CAD) software used for technical drawing, drafting, and engineering design.
• It is not traditionally classified as a dedicated GIS.

Additional information:

• MapInfo: GIS software used for mapping and spatial data analysis.
• IDRISI 32: GIS and remote-sensing software developed by Clark University.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Lining of canals: Prevents seepage from irrigation canals and helps prevent waterlogging from developing, but it is not a direct drainage method for removing excess groundwater from already waterlogged land.

Additional information:

• Tubewell (vertical) drainage: Pumps groundwater out to lower the water table.
• Bio-drainage: Uses trees to absorb water from the soil and reduce the groundwater level.
• Contour drainage: Can help manage excess surface water depending on the land and drainage design.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Gypsum: Supplies calcium, which replaces exchangeable sodium in sodic soil and helps improve soil structure.
• Leaching: Water is used to wash dissolved salts and displaced sodium from the root zone, provided adequate drainage is available.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Alkaloids: Tea leaves contain caffeine.
• It is a naturally occurring alkaloid that acts as a stimulant.
• Tannins: Tea leaves contain polyphenolic compounds traditionally called tannins, which contribute to tea’s astringent taste.
• Both substances are found in tea leaves and influence the taste and effects of tea.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• A diesel engine’s normal operating coolant temperature is commonly around 80–95°C, depending on the engine model.
• 90°C is a typical operating temperature for many diesel engines.
• The cooling system maintains this temperature to support efficient operation and prevent overheating.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• George Harrison Shull (1874–1954) was an American geneticist recognized as a pioneer of modern hybrid corn technology.
• In 1908, Shull published research explaining the role of inbreeding and crossbreeding in producing hybrid vigor (heterosis).
• Hybrid seed technology uses controlled crosses between selected parent plants to produce offspring with desirable traits, such as higher yield.

Additional information:

• Yuan Longping: The Father of Hybrid Rice.
• Norman Borlaug: The Father of the Green Revolution.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Apomixis: Seed formation without fertilization, meaning the fusion of male and female gametes does not occur.
• The offspring are often genetically identical to the parent plant because the seed develops without normal sexual reproduction.

Additional information:

• Parthenocarpy: Fruit development without fertilization; it commonly produces seedless fruits.
• Grafting: A vegetative propagation method in which parts of two plants are joined.
• Scion: The shoot or stem piece joined to the rootstock during grafting.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Sugarcane is commonly propagated vegetatively using stem cuttings called setts, which contain buds for sprouting.
• A seed rate of approximately 7–9 tons per hectare may be used.
• It is depending on sett size, planting method, row spacing, and local agricultural recommendations.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Food processing: The process of converting raw agricultural products into food products or improving their value, quality, convenience, and usability.
• Examples include making juice from oranges and cheese from milk.

Additional information:

• Food science: The study of the physical, chemical, and biological properties of food.
• Food preservation: The process of preventing or slowing food spoilage to extend shelf life.
• Examples include refrigeration, drying, and canning.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Sour citrus varieties, including sour oranges and related citrus fruits.
• Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is known for citrus production in areas such as Malakand and Swat.
• Citrus cultivation depends on suitable temperatures, soil conditions, and water availability.

Last verified on 16-10-2026