Explanation

• Article 27 deals with non-discrimination in appointments to the service of Pakistan.
• It provides safeguards against discrimination in public service appointments.
• It mentions grounds such as race, religion, caste, sex, residence, or place of birth.

Additional information:

• Article 25: Equality of citizens.
• Article 28: Preservation of language, script, and culture.

Last verified on 12-08-2026

Explanation

• Bureaucracy is non-elected.
• Bureaucrats are generally appointed officials, not elected representatives.
• They implement government policies and manage public administration.
• Bureaucracy operates through rules, procedures, and established administrative structures.
• It provides continuity in government administration despite changes in elected governments.

Last verified on 12-08-2026

Explanation

• Pakistan's civil service is influenced mainly by its colonial legacy.
• Pakistan inherited much of its administrative structure from the British colonial system.
• The civil service developed from institutions established during British rule in the Indian subcontinent.
• The system emphasized hierarchy, rules, authority, and centralized administration.
• This colonial administrative tradition continues to influence Pakistan's civil service.

Last verified on 12-08-2026

Explanation

• Pakistan introduced bureaucratic reforms on the model of developing countries.
• These reforms aimed to improve the efficiency and organization of Pakistan’s administrative system.
• Pakistan studied administrative models and experiences of other developing countries.
• The reforms focused on improving public administration and government efficiency.

Last verified on 12-08-2026

Explanation

Required return = Dividend Yield + Growth Rate

= (4/100) + 5% = 4% + 5% = 9%.

Last verified on 12-08-2026

Explanation

For an ordinary annuity: PV = PMT × [1 − (1 + r)⁻ⁿ] / r

PV = 4,000 × [1 − (1.08)⁻²⁰] / 0.08 ≈ Rs. 39,272.

Last verified on 12-08-2026

Explanation

• When a bond sells above its par value, its YTM is lower than its coupon rate.
• Par value is the face value of the bond.
• If market price > par value, the bond is trading at a premium.
• For a premium bond, the yield to maturity (YTM) < coupon rate.
• Therefore, P > Par Value and YTM < Coupon Rate.

Last verified on 12-08-2026

Explanation

علمِ بیان وہ علم ہے جو تشبیہ، استعارہ، مجاز، مرسل اور کنایہ جیسے فنی و بلاغی طریقوں سے بحث کرتا ہے۔

اس کا مقصد کلام میں خوبصورتی، تاثیر اور معنوی گہرائی پیدا کرنا ہوتا ہے۔

یہ علم اردو بلاغت کا اہم حصہ ہے اور ادبی اظہار کو مؤثر بناتا ہے۔

Last verified on 02-06-2026

Explanation

• Her doctor will be visited by her by 7:00 PM.
• The object “her doctor” becomes the subject in the passive voice.
• “will visit” changes to “will be visited.”
• “by her” identifies the doer of the action.

Last verified on 12-08-2026

Explanation

• Oxygen reacts with most elements to produce binary compounds called oxides.
• An oxide is a compound formed when oxygen combines with another element.
• Oxides may be metallic or non-metallic depending on the element involved.
• Examples include CO₂ (carbon dioxide), MgO (magnesium oxide), and Fe₂O₃ (iron oxide).
• Oxides can have acidic, basic, or amphoteric properties.

Last verified on 12-08-2026