Explanation

Hemophilia is X-linked recessive. Man is XhY and woman is XHXH.

All daughters of this couple get Xh from father and XH from mother. So daughters are XHXh. They are carriers but normal.

Now this carrier daughter XHXh marries a normal man XHY.

Their sons get Y from father and X from mother.

50% sons get XH from mother = Normal

50% sons get Xh from mother = Hemophilic

These sons are the grandsons of the first couple.

So 50% of grandsons will be affected.

Last verified on 25-10-2026

Explanation

• Each amino acid has a specific R-group (side chain) that determines its chemical properties and influences how its carbon skeleton is metabolized.
• During protein metabolism, amino acids undergo deamination, in which the amino group is removed.
• Their remaining carbon skeletons can enter energy-producing pathways at different points.

Last verified on 25-10-2026

Explanation

• The apoplast pathway transports water through cell walls and intercellular spaces without crossing the plasma membrane at every cell.
• At the endodermis, the Casparian strip blocks the apoplast pathway, forcing water to cross a cell membrane before entering the vascular tissue.

Additional information:

• The symplast pathway carries water through the cytoplasm of adjacent cells connected by plasmodesmata.

Last verified on 25-10-2026

Explanation

• The lingual frenulum is a fold of mucous membrane that connects the underside of the tongue to the floor of the mouth.
• It helps stabilize the tongue while allowing movements needed for speaking, swallowing, and eating.

Last verified on 25-10-2026

Explanation

• A hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration than the inside of the cell.
• Water moves out of the cell by osmosis, causing the cell to shrink.

Additional information:

• A hypotonic solution has a lower solute concentration, so water tends to enter the cell.
• An isotonic solution has an equal effective solute concentration.

Last verified on 25-10-2026

Explanation

• Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration, in which one glucose molecule is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate.
• This process occurs in the cytoplasm and produces a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH per glucose molecule.
• In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA, which enters the Krebs cycle.
• Remember: Glycolysis → Pyruvate → Acetyl-CoA → Krebs cycle → Electron transport chain.

Last verified on 25-10-2026

Explanation

• The pituitary gland releases follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which regulate ovarian function.
• FSH stimulates the growth and development of ovarian follicles, while LH triggers ovulation and supports the formation of the corpus luteum.
• The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone, which regulate the menstrual cycle and help prepare the uterus for pregnancy.

Last verified on 25-10-2026

Explanation

• The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary activities, including heart rate, digestion, and the regulation of breathing.
• Thought is mainly associated with higher brain functions.
• It particularly the cerebral cortex, and is not directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
• The autonomic nervous system has two main divisions: the sympathetic division (fight or flight) and the parasympathetic division (rest and digest).

Last verified on 25-10-2026

Explanation

• Follicular atresia is the degeneration and breakdown of ovarian follicles that fail to mature or ovulate.
• It occurs naturally throughout a female’s reproductive life, and most ovarian follicles undergo atresia rather than releasing an egg.
• Follicles that successfully mature may release an egg during ovulation.

Last verified on 25-10-2026

Explanation

• The AV node briefly delays electrical impulses traveling from the atria to the ventricles.
• It allowing the ventricles to fill with blood before they contract.

Additional information:

• The SA node is the natural pacemaker of the heart and initiates each normal heartbeat.

Last verified on 25-10-2026