Explanation

• Photolysis is the process by which water (H2O) is split into hydrogen ions (H+), electrons, and oxygen (O2) in the presence of light.
• This process occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts during photosynthesis and is driven by light energy.

Explanation

• The dark reaction, also known as the Calvin cycle.
• It is a light-independent reaction that occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.
• This process uses the energy from ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.

Explanation

• The light-dependent reactions (also known as the Hill reaction) occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.
• Thylakoids are specialized membranous structures found in chloroplasts, where light energy is absorbed and converted into ATP and NADPH.

Explanation

The fundamental molecule produced during photosynthesis is glucose

Key Product: Glucose (sugar/carbohydrate) is the main energy-storing molecule.

Purpose: It is used for plant respiration and as a building block for cellulose.

By-product: Oxygen is also produced and released into the atmosphere

Explanation

Each mole of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) stores energy equivalent to:

• 7.3 kilocalories (kcal) per mole (approximately)
• 17.3 kilojoules (kJ) per mole (approximately)

Explanation

• The loss of electrons and protons (H+ ions) is called oxidation.
• Oxidation is a chemical reaction that involves the loss of electrons or the addition of oxygen.
• Resulting in a change in the oxidation state of an atom, molecule, or ion.

Explanation

In cellular respiration, each mole of glucose typically produces about 36-38 ATP molecules.

To determine how many moles of glucose are consumed to produce 180 ATP molecules, we can use the following calculation:

180 ATP/36 ATP or mole of glucose = 5 moles of glucose

Thus, 5 moles of glucose are consumed to produce 180 ATP molecules.

Explanation

• The electron transport chain (ETC) is the stage of aerobic respiration that takes place at the cristae of mitochondria.
• The cristae are specialized infoldings of the mitochondrial inner membrane, where the ETC complexes are embedded.

Explanation

• The energy released (14135 KJ) is equivalent to the energy released from the oxidation of glucose (C6H12O6), which is typically around 2820 KJ/mol.
• To find the number of moles of glucose consumed, you can divide the energy released (14135 KJ) by the energy released per mole of glucose (2820 KJ/mol):
• 14135 KJ ÷ 2820 KJ/mol = 5 mol

Explanation

• The lock and key model proposes that the enzyme and substrate have specific, complementary geometric shapes that fit together perfectly, like a key fitting into a lock.
• This means that the active site of the enzyme is a rigid, pre-formed structure that perfectly complements the shape of the substrate.