Explanation

The yeast used in baking bread is a single-celled fungus,

Specifically, a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 

It's a living microorganism that ferments sugars in dough, producing gases that cause bread to expand.

Explanation

Diphtheria primarily affects the nose, throat, and tonsils,

Forming a thick gray coating (pseudomembrane) that blocks airways

Tonsils & Larynx (Voice Box): These areas are also commonly affected. 

Explanation

• The study of relationships between organisms and their environment is called Ecology.
• It helps understand how living things interact with each other and with their surroundings.

Additional information:

• Embryology studies development of embryos.
• Ethology studies animal behavior.
• Entomology studies insects.

Last verified on 16-01-2026

Explanation

• Location: Amazon Rainforest, South America
• Area Affected: ~17% of forest lost in last 50 years
• Causes: Agriculture, cattle ranching, logging, urbanization
• Impact: Loss of biodiversity, carbon emissions, climate change

Additional information:

• Amazon forest is called the “lungs of the Earth”

Last verified on 16-01-2026

Explanation

• Vitamin Name: B12 (Cobalamin)
• Source: Produced by gut bacteria; present in meat, fish, eggs, dairy
• Function: Essential for RBC formation, nerve function, DNA synthesis
• Not Found In: Fruits and vegetables

Last verified on 16-01-2026

Explanation

Pasteurization of milk is a heat treatment process used to kill harmful microorganisms.

In the HTST method, milk is heated to 161°F (72°C) for 15 seconds.

Additional information:

• Another method: LTLT → 145°F for 30 minutes
• Pasteurization improves safety and shelf life of milk

Last verified on 16-01-2026

Explanation

Fats and oils provide more energy than carbohydrates and proteins. 

• Energy from fats: ~9 kcal/g
• Energy from carbs: ~4 kcal/g
• Energy from proteins: ~4 kcal/g
• Ratio: 9 ÷ 4 = 2.25 times

Last verified on 16-01-2026

Explanation

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) helps prevent browning in fruits.

By inhibiting the enzymes responsible for oxidation.

It is commonly used to keep cut fruits fresh.

Additional information:

• Commonly used in food preservation (lemon juice on fruits)
• Also essential for immunity and collagen formation

Last verified on 16-01-2026

Explanation

Phosphorus is a major mineral in the human body.

It makes up about 14–17% of the skeleton.

Additional information:

Skeleton Composition:

• Calcium: ~65%
• Phosphorus: ~14–17%
• Magnesium: ~1%
• Sodium & others: trace amounts

Last verified on 16-01-2026

Explanation

• Nature of Disease: Chronic and progressive
• Main Causes: Hepatitis B & C, alcohol abuse, fatty liver disease
• Effect: Scarring (fibrosis) reduces liver efficiency