Explanation

Newborns should be placed on their back (supine) to sleep to reduce the risk of SIDS.

Placing the baby prone (on the stomach) is unsafe and requires corrective instruction.

Explanation

Progesterone rises during pregnancy, causing relaxation of smooth muscles, increased bladder sensitivity, and respiratory changes, leading to dyspnea and bladder fullness.

It also contributes to nausea by affecting the digestive system.

Explanation

• A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble vitamins.
• Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed by the body along with dietary fats.
• They are present in foods that contain fats.
• The body stores these vitamins in the liver and fat tissue when they are not in use. 
• Megadoses of fat-soluble vitamins can be toxic.

Explanation

Breath-holding spells are common in toddlers and usually resolve spontaneously by around 6 years of age.

They are typically benign, though alarming to parents, and do not cause long-term harm.

Explanation

Eye color is determined by the pigmentation of the iris, primarily the amount and type of melanin.

The iris regulates light entry but its pigment gives eyes their characteristic color.

Explanation

LASIK (Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis) reshapes the cornea to correct refractive errors like myopia.

It improves vision by allowing light to focus correctly on the retina without the need for glasses or contact lenses.

Explanation

Pituitary adenomas can compress the optic chiasm, leading to loss of vision in the outer (temporal) visual fields of both eyes.

This characteristic visual field defect helps in the diagnosis of sellar/parasellar masses.

Explanation

Horner syndrome results from disruption of sympathetic innervation to the eye, causing constriction of the pupil (miosis).

Other features may include ptosis (drooping eyelid) and anhidrosis (loss of sweating) on the affected side.

Explanation

Sudden vision loss with a red, painful eye is characteristic of acute angle-closure glaucoma due to rapid rise in intraocular pressure.

Immediate treatment is required to prevent permanent optic nerve damage.

Explanation

Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes damages retinal blood vessels, leading to hemorrhages.

Diabetic retinopathy is the most frequent cause of retinal hemorrhage in adults.