Explanation

• Glycolysis is the common initial stage of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
• It occurs in the cytoplasm and breaks one glucose molecule into two molecules of pyruvate, producing a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
• In aerobic respiration, pyruvate is generally further broken down through aerobic pathways.
• In anaerobic conditions, it may undergo fermentation or other processes to regenerate NAD⁺.

Last verified on 27-10-2026

Explanation

• Cauliflower is an immature, compact flower head (inflorescence) used as a vegetable.
• It consists of many undeveloped flower buds packed closely together.
• The edible part is mainly the fleshy, immature inflorescence.
• Cauliflower belongs to the family Brassicaceae, which also includes cabbage, broccoli, and mustard.

Last verified on 27-10-2026

Explanation

• Pinus is a gymnosperm that produces abundant yellow pollen grains, which may be released in large quantities during pollination.
• The yellow pollen falling from pine trees can resemble a shower of yellow powder, giving rise to the term “sulphur shower.”
• Pinus is wind-pollinated, so its lightweight pollen grains are carried by air currents.

Last verified on 27-10-2026

Explanation

• A phyllode is a flattened, leaf-like modified petiole that performs photosynthesis.
• In plants such as Acacia, the true leaves may be reduced, while the flattened petiole performs the leaf’s photosynthetic function.
• Phyllodes help reduce water loss in some plants adapted to dry environments.

Last verified on 27-10-2026

Explanation

• A facultative parasite normally lives as a parasite but can also survive independently as a saprophyte by obtaining nutrients from dead and decaying organic matter.

Additional information:

• An obligate parasite depends on a living host to complete its life cycle or survive and reproduce.
• A facultative saprophyte is the opposite: it normally lives on dead organic matter but can become parasitic under suitable conditions.

Last verified on 27-10-2026

Explanation

• Ringworm is a fungal infection caused by dermatophytes, including Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton.
• Despite its name, ringworm is not caused by a worm.
• It often produces a circular, red, itchy rash on the skin.
• The infection may affect the scalp, body, feet, or groin, depending on the site of infection.

Last verified on 27-10-2026

Explanation

• Salmonella Typhi is the bacterium responsible for typhoid fever.
• It is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium.
• It spreads through food or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person.
• Common symptoms include prolonged fever, headache, weakness, abdominal pain, and digestive problems.
• Typhoid can be prevented through safe drinking water, proper sanitation, handwashing, and vaccination.

Last verified on 31-10-2026

Explanation

• Hemophilia is an inherited bleeding disorder caused by deficiency or dysfunction of blood-clotting factors.
• Hemophilia A is caused by deficiency of clotting Factor VIII.
• Hemophilia B is caused by deficiency of clotting Factor IX.
• These factors are essential for normal blood clot formation.
• Common symptoms include prolonged bleeding, easy bruising, and bleeding into joints and muscles.

Last verified on 31-10-2026

Explanation

• The hypothalamus acts as the body's temperature-regulating center.
• When core body temperature rises, it triggers vasodilation of blood vessels near the skin.
• Vasodilation increases blood flow to the skin, allowing more heat to escape.
• Sweating helps cool the body through evaporation of sweat from the skin.

Last verified on 31-10-2026

Explanation

• The term carbohydrate comes from the idea of “hydrated carbon.”
• In many simple carbohydrates, hydrogen and oxygen occur in an approximate 2:1 atomic ratio, the same ratio found in water (H₂O).
• For example, glucose has the molecular formula C₆H₁₂O₆, with 12 hydrogen atoms and 6 oxygen atoms.

Last verified on 31-10-2026