Explanation

• Human growth hormone (HGH) is used to treat growth hormone deficiency, which can cause dwarfism or short stature.
• HGH replacement therapy can help promote growth and development in children and adolescents with growth hormone deficiency.

Explanation

Measles is a viral disease that can be prevented and treated with the measles vaccine.

Explanation

MMR vaccines are given to children to develop resistance against:

• Measles
• Mumps
• Rubella (German measles)

Explanation

• Vaccines contain disease-producing pathogens (such as viruses or bacteria) in a weakened or attenuated form, or sometimes only a small portion of the pathogen (such as a protein or sugar).
• This allows the body to develop immunity against the pathogen without actually causing the disease.

Explanation

• Human insulin is inserted into bacteria, specifically E. coli, for the commercial preparation of insulin.
• This is done through genetic engineering, where the human insulin gene is cloned into a plasmid and then transformed into E. coli cells.
• The bacteria then produce human insulin, which can be harvested and used as a medication for diabetes.

Explanation

Vitamin A deficiency can cause a range of health problems, including:

• Night blindness (difficulty seeing in low light)
• Xerophthalmia (dry eyes)
• Keratomalacia (softening of the cornea)
• Immune system weakness
• Increased risk of infections

Explanation

• Bacteria are used in genetic engineering because they have the ability to multiply quickly, allowing for rapid production of large quantities of recombinant DNA.
• This is especially true for E. coli, which has a short generation time and can produce large amounts of protein.

Explanation

The information in DNA is stored in the form of a code having 4 organic bases:

• Adenine (A)
• Guanine (G)
• Cytosine (C)
• Thymine (T)

Explanation

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is a large molecule made up of smaller units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide is composed of:

• A sugar molecule (deoxyribose)
• A phosphate group
• One of four nitrogenous bases: Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), and Thymine (T)

Explanation

• Telophase is the stage of mitosis where chromosomes reach their respective poles.
• During Telophase, the nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes, and the chromosomes uncoil into chromatin.