Explanation

• The small intestine, also known as the small bowel, is the primary site of nutrient absorption in the human body.
• The walls of the small intestine are lined with finger-like projections called villi, which increase the surface area for absorption.
• Nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals are absorbed into the bloodstream through the small intestine.

Explanation

• The oesophagus (also known as the esophagus) is a muscular tube that acts as a pathway to transport food from the pharynx (throat) to the stomach.
• It uses peristalsis (wave-like muscle contractions) to move the food bolus into the stomach.

Explanation

• When food is mixed with saliva and chewed, it is broken down into a soft, flexible, semi-solid mass called a bolus.
• This bolus is then swallowed, and it passes through the esophagus into the stomach.

Explanation

• In the mouth, saliva contains the enzyme amylase.
• It starts the chemical digestion of carbohydrates (such as starches and sugars).
• By breaking them down into simpler sugars like maltose and dextrin.

Explanation

Explanation

According to the latest classification, Bryophyta is divided into three classes:

• Hepaticopsida (Liverworts)
• Anthocerotopsida (Hornworts)
• Bryopsida (Mosses)

Hepaticopsida (Liverworts):

The name Hepaticopsida comes from the word “hepatic” meaning liver.

Liverworts come under this class.

Hepaticopsida is further divided into 4 orders:

1. Marchantiales (e.g. Riccia, Marchantia)
2. Sphaerocarpales (e.g. Sphaerocarpos)
3. Calobryales (e.g. Calobryum)
4. Jungermanniales (e.g. Pellia)

Explanation

The use of transgenic farm animals to produce pharmaceuticals is commonly referred to as Gene pharming.

Gene pharming involves the genetic modification of farm animals to produce specific pharmaceutical products, such as:

• proteins or antibodies
• in their milk
• blood 
• other bodily fluids

Explanation

An indehiscent integument megasporangium in the form of ovule is found in spermatophytes.

The ovule then forms the seed after fertilization

Explanation

The mandible, or jaw bone, is the only movable bone of the skull

They are forming the temporomandibular joint with the temporal bone.

Explanation

A foliose lichen is a lichen with flat, leaf-like lobes.

They are generally not firmly bonded to the substrate on which they grow.

It is one of the three most common growth forms of lichens.