Explanation

• Aspergillus oryzae is commonly known as koji mold.
• It helps break down proteins and carbohydrates during fermentation.
• It is used in the traditional production of soy sauce, miso, and sake.

Last verified on 06-11-2026

Explanation

• Kelp is a large marine brown alga.
• It belongs to the class Phaeophyceae.
• Brown colour is mainly due to the pigment fucoxanthin.

Last verified on 06-11-2026

Explanation

• Ascomycetes are commonly called sac fungi.
• They produce sexual spores called ascospores inside sac-like structures called asci.
• Saccharomyces is a well-known example used in baking and fermentation.

Last verified on 06-11-2026

Explanation

• Spirogyra, Volvox, and Chlamydomonas are all types of algae.
• They are simple, photosynthetic organisms.
• They belong to the Kingdom Protista.
• They are commonly found in freshwater environments.

Last verified on 06-11-2026

Explanation

• Ephedra is a genus of gymnosperms belonging to the division Gnetophyta.
• It is a seed-producing plant with naked seeds.
• It is commonly found in dry and desert regions.

Last verified on 06-11-2026

Explanation

• Pollen grains of many gymnosperms, especially Pinus, have two air sacs called sacci.
• These wings help pollen grains travel through the air.
• Gymnosperms produce naked seeds because their ovules are not enclosed within an ovary.

Last verified on 06-11-2026

Explanation

• During the daytime, plants require Carbon Dioxide (CO2) for photosynthesis.
• Which is the process by which they produce glucose and oxygen.

Last updated by NA on 05-11-2026

Explanation

• Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a stable internal environment in the body despite external changes.
• It regulates body temperature, blood glucose levels, water balance, and pH.
• The human body maintains an average temperature of approximately 37°C (98.6°F).
• The nervous and endocrine systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis.

Last verified on 02-11-2026

Explanation

• Liquid bromine test: Unsaturated compounds decolourise reddish-brown bromine solution due to addition across double or triple bonds.
• Baeyer's reagent: Cold, dilute alkaline potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) is decolourised by unsaturated compounds.
• Both tests are commonly used to detect carbon-carbon double and triple bonds.

Additional information:

• Fehling's solution is mainly used to test reducing sugars and aldehydes.

Last verified on 02-11-2026

Explanation

• Acid-base indicators are generally weak organic acids or weak bases.
• They show different colours in acidic and basic solutions.
• For example, phenolphthalein is colourless in acidic solutions and pink in basic solutions.
• Litmus turns red in acidic solutions and blue in basic solutions.

Last verified on 02-11-2026