Explanation

• Horticulture means پھول، جڑی بوٹیاں، پھل اور سبزیاں کاشت کرنے کا علم
• Horticulture is the agriculture of plants.
  
  
  
  Additional information:
  • Agrostology: Study of grasses 
  • Agronomy: Soil management and crop production 
  • Odontology: Study of teeth 
  • Arthrology: Study of joints 
  • Nephrology: Study of kidneys
  • Hematology: Study of blood  
  • Dermatology: Study of skin

Last verified on 30-01-2026

Explanation

• Apiculture is the practice of rearing honeybees for honey and wax production.
• Helps in pollination and increasing crop yields.
• Honey, beeswax, and propolis are valuable products from apiculture.

• Sericulture → Rearing of silk worms.
• Silviculture → Cultivation of trees and forests.

Last verified on 30-01-2026

Explanation

• Germ Theory of Disease states that microorganisms (germs) cause diseases.
• Proposed by Louis Pasteur (1822–1895), a French scientist.
• This theory revolutionized medicine, leading to vaccines and sterilization methods.

Additional information:

• Robert Koch later developed techniques to identify specific germs for specific diseases.

Last verified on 29-01-2026

Explanation

Explanation

The ripening of fruits is a biochemical process.

Oxygen is essential for cellular respiration, which drives ripening.

It helps in conversion of starches to sugars and softening of fruit tissue.

Controlled oxygen levels are used in storage and packaging to manage ripening.

Explanation

Anthracite is the highest grade of coal with the highest carbon content.

It has low moisture and impurities, making it very efficient as fuel.

It burns cleanly and produces more heat compared to other types of coal.

Other forms like lignite and bituminous have higher moisture and lower carbon.

Explanation

Sucrose is a common disaccharide found in sugarcane and sugar beet.

It is formed by linking one glucose molecule and one fructose molecule.

The bond between them is a glycosidic linkage.

Disaccharides are broken down into monosaccharides during digestion.

Explanation

In chloroplasts, the Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma.

CO₂ is fixed and converted into sugars in this area.

Thylakoids are the site of light-dependent reactions, not sugar formation.

Stroma contains enzymes needed for carbon fixation.

Explanation

Scientists estimate that 33% of the Earth’s area should be conserved.

This helps maintain biodiversity and ecological balance.

Protected areas include forests, wetlands, and marine zones.

Explanation

Restriction enzymes (also called restriction endonucleases) recognize specific DNA sequences.

These sequences are usually 4–8 base pairs long.

The enzymes cut DNA at or near these recognition sites.

They are widely used in molecular biology and genetic engineering.

Restriction enzymes allow scientists to manipulate DNA for cloning and analysis.