Explanation

• Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq (RA) was an expert in chemistry.
• Birth: 702 AD (83 AH)
• Death: 765 AD (148 AH)
• Imam Number: 6th Imam
• Student: Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber)
• Known Fields: Chemistry, Fiqh, Hadith, Astronomy, Mathematics

Last verified on 27-07-2026

Explanation

• Plastic is generally an amorphous (non-crystalline) material and does not naturally form crystals.
• Diamond is a crystalline form of carbon with a regular atomic structure.
• Sucrose (sugar) naturally forms crystals.
• Crystalline materials have atoms arranged in a regular repeating pattern.
• Amorphous materials lack a long-range ordered crystal structure.

Last verified on 27-07-2026

Explanation

• Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen discovered X-rays
• He was discovered on 8 November 1895.
• He got the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.

Additional questions

• The penetrating power of X-rays depends on their frequency

Last updated 26-07-2026 by NA

Explanation

• The atomic number of hydrogen is 1.
• It is the first element on the periodic table. 
• Named by: Antoine Lavoisier (1783)
• Atomic mass: 1.00784 u
• Appearance: Colorless gas
• Symbol: H
• Protons: 1
• Electrons: 1

Last updated 26-07-2026 by NA

Explanation

• The critical temperature of mercury is approximately 4.2 K.
• Effect: Electrical resistance drops to zero below this point. 
• Celsius: ~-269 °C
• Atomic number (Z): 80
• Group: group 12
• Period: period 6
• Block: d-block
• Electron configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2
• Electrons per shell: 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 2

Last updated 24-07-2026 by NA

Explanation

• Rutherford’s gold foil experiment (1911) showed that an atom has a small, dense, positively charged center called the nucleus.
• The mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus, while most of the atom is empty space.

Additional information:

• Nucleus contains: Protons (+) and neutrons (neutral)
• Electrons move around the nucleus in mostly empty space
• The experiment involved alpha particles being deflected by the nucleus.

Last verified on 10-02-2026

Explanation

• Mercury is the only elemental metal that at room temperature is Liquid.
• Mercury (Hg) is the only metal that remains liquid at room temperature (about 25°C).

Additional information:

• Chemical Symbol: Hg
• Atomic Number: 80
• Melting Point: −38.83°C
• Boiling Point: 356.73°C

Last verified on 20-07-2026

Explanation

• Carbon Dating is one of the methods to calculate the age of fossils. It is based on the principle of Radioactivity.
• Radioactive isotope: Carbon-14 (¹⁴C)
• Half-life: 5,730 years
• Developed by: Willard Libby
• Introduced: 1949
• Dating range: Up to 50,000 years

Last verified on 20-07-2026

Explanation

• Noble gases are called inert gases because their outermost electron shell is complete.
• They are located in Group 18 of the periodic table.
• Due to their stable electronic configuration, they show very little chemical reactivity.
• Noble gases are colorless, odorless, and monoatomic under normal conditions.
• They are used in neon signs, electric bulbs, lasers, welding, and balloons (helium).

Last verified on 19-07-2026

Explanation

• The instrument used to measure temperature is called a thermometer.
• A thermometer shows how hot or cold an object or place is.

Additional information:

• Barometer measures air pressure.
• Hygrometer measures humidity (moisture in air).

Last verified on 16-06-2026