Explanation

The synthesis loop is the core part of the ammonia production process,

Nitrogen and hydrogen gases are reacted under high pressure and temperature in the presence of a catalyst to form ammonia. 

Explanation

• Freeze drying is suitable for heat-sensitive materials.
• The material is first frozen.
• Water is removed by sublimation under low pressure.
• It helps preserve quality and biological activity.
• It is commonly used for medicines, vaccines, and biological products.

Additional information 
- Vacuum drying and spray drying involve some heat.  

- Convective drying uses hot air → not suitable for sensitive substances.

Explanation

Filtration rate depends on:  

  - Particle size: Smaller particles clog pores more, reducing rate.  

  - Filtration pressure: Higher pressure = faster filtration.  

  - Medium thickness: Thicker medium slows down the flow.  

- Temperature may affect viscosity, but it's not a direct filtration parameter.

Explanation

According to the Gibbs Phase Rule, a system with three components and two phases will have 3 degrees of freedom

Gibbs Phase Rule is given by:

F = C - P + 2

Where:  

- F = degrees of freedom  

- C = number of components  

- P = number of phases  

Given:  

C = 3 (components)  

P = 2 (phases)

So:  

F = 3 - 2 + 2 = 3

Explanation

• Sherwood number (Sh) is a dimensionless number used in mass transfer.
• It relates convective mass transfer to diffusive mass transfer.
• It is related to the mass transfer coefficient.
• The mass transfer coefficient can be used to estimate film thickness.
• Formula:Sh = kL/D.

Explanation

• Deionization removes unwanted ions from water.
• It uses ion-exchange resins.
• Cations are exchanged with H⁺ ions.
• Anions are exchanged with OH⁻ ions.
• The H⁺ and OH⁻ combine to form pure water.

Explanation

• Oxygen has 8 protons and typically 8 neutrons, giving it a mass number of 16.
• Mass number = Number of protons + Number of neutrons.
• Discoverers: Joseph Priestley, Carl Wilhelm Scheele
• Symbol: O
• Atomic number: 8
• Electrons per shell: 2, 6
• Discovered: 1774

Explanation

The valency of both hydrogen and potassium is 1.  

Hydrogen (H):

- Atomic number = 1 → has 1 electron.

- Needs 1 more to complete its outer shell → shares or loses 1.

- So, its valency is +1.

Potassium (K):

- Atomic number = 19 → 1 electron in outer shell.

- Easily loses 1 electron to become stable → forms K⁺.

- So, its valency is +1.

Explanation

• Atoms are made up of subatomic particles.
• The three main particles are protons, neutrons, and electrons.
• Protons have a positive charge.
• Electrons have a negative charge.
• Neutrons have no electric charge.

Explanation

Quarks are the smallest known particles in the universe.

They are the building blocks of protons and neutrons, which make up atomic nuclei.

They were discovered in the 1960s. 

They are considered the most fundamental units of matter.