Explanation

Explanation

Crystals in which lattice points are occupied by metal ions are a) Ionic crystals. 

Ionic crystals are formed by the electrostatic attraction between positively charged metal cations and negatively charged anions.

These ions are arranged in a regular lattice structure. 

Explanation

A liquid crystal is a state of matter that exhibits properties of both liquids and crystals.

It requires the molecules to have a specific structure, often long and rigid, to form ordered phases.

While soap can form structures similar to liquid crystals when mixed with water (forming micelles), pure soap is not a liquid crystal.

The other options listed, DNA, cholesteryl format, and engine oil, can all exhibit liquid crystal properties under certain conditions. 

Explanation

Methylamine and hydrogen peroxide are liquids due to Hydrogen bonding. 

Hydrogen bonding is a strong type of intermolecular force

That occurs when a hydrogen atom is bonded to a highly electronegative atom 

Like oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine. In methylamine (CH3NH2)

The nitrogen atom has a lone pair of electrons and can form hydrogen bonds with other methylamine molecules.

Similarly, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has hydrogen atoms bonded to oxygen atoms, allowing for hydrogen bonding.

These strong hydrogen bonds hold the molecules together in the liquid state. 

Explanation

Graham's Law of Effusion: The rate at which a gas effuses (or diffuses through a small opening like a leak) is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass.

This means that lighter gases escape faster than heavier gases under the same conditions.

Explanation

Van der Waals forces increase with the size and mass of the molecule due to greater electron cloud polarizability.

Among the options, Cl₂ is largest and heaviest, so it has the strongest Van der Waals forces.

Explanation

- Limestone (CaCO₃) is the primary raw material in cement manufacturing.

- When heated in a kiln, it undergoes thermal decomposition:  

  CaCO₃ → CaO (quicklime) + CO₂

- The resulting Calcium Oxide (CaO) is a key component in the formation of cement clinker.

Explanation

- Hydrogenation is a chemical process where hydrogen gas (H₂) is added to unsaturated oils (liquid) in the presence of a nickel catalyst.

- This converts unsaturated fats into saturated fats (solid at room temperature).

- Commonly used in making margarine and vanaspati ghee.

Explanation

- The Haber process is used to synthesize ammonia (NH₃) from nitrogen (N₂) and hydrogen (H₂).  

- Optimal temperature range: 400–450°C

- Pressure: 200–250 atm

- Catalyst: Iron (Fe) with promoters like K₂O or Al₂O₃

- High temperature increases the rate but lowers the yield (ammonia formation is exothermic).

- A balance is maintained for efficiency.

Explanation

The correct option required for the maximum yield of ammonia by Haber’s process is high pressure, low temperature, continual removal of ammonia.

High pressure shifts the equilibrium towards ammonia production, while low temperature favors the exothermic reaction; continually removing ammonia drives the reaction further to the right, enhancing yield.