Explanation

Water treatment removes or reduces harmful pollutants.

Treatment may involve:

• Sedimentation: Heavy clumps settle to the bottom of the water supply.
• Filtration: Clear water passes through filters of sand, gravel, and charcoal to remove remaining particles.
• Disinfection: Chlorine or UV light is added to kill harmful bacteria and germs.

Explanation

- Non-Newtonian fluids have variable viscosity depending on the applied force.  

• Honey: Non-Newtonian fluid (shear-thinning)
• Its viscosity decreases as the shear rate increases
• When poured slowly, it flows thickly; when stirred vigorously, it thins out and flows faster

Explanation

 This equation follows Fick's law of diffusion.

- N = Mass transfer rate (moles or mass per unit time)

- k = Mass transfer coefficient (how fast the substance moves).

- A =Interfacial surface area (the contact area between the gas and liquid phases) 

- Ca and Cb = Concentration gradient or driving force (the difference in concentration between point A and point B).

Explanation

• HETP = Height Equivalent to a Theoretical Plate.
• HTU = Height of a Transfer Unit.
• They can be numerically equal under a specific condition.
• This occurs when the operating line is parallel to the equilibrium line.
• Both are measures related to the height required for mass transfer.

Explanation

The Haber-Bosch process is used for the industrial production of ammonia

It's crucial for fertilizer production.

Explanation

• Distillation involves boiling water to produce steam, which is then condensed back into liquid water, leaving behind most contaminants (salts, heavy metals, and many microorganisms).
• It's one of the most effective methods for purifying contaminated water.

Additional information

• Agriculture — refers to farming, not purification.
• Adding salts — would make water more contaminated, not less.
• Adding detergents — detergents are pollutants themselves and would contaminate the water further

Explanation

To convert Fahrenheit to Celsius:  

C = (F - 32) × 5/9  

C = (98 - 32) × 5/9 = 66 × 5/9 = 36.67°C

Explanation

At STP, 1 mole of an ideal gas = 22.4 liters  

So, 2 moles = 2 × 22.4

= 44.8 liters

Explanation

Since fluorine is more electronegative, its oxidation state is -1.

The molecule OF2 has zero overall charge:

O + 2F = 0

x + 2(-1) = 0

x - 2 = 0

x = +2

Explanation

Ca = Calcium  

CO₃ = Carbonate ion  

So, CaCO₃ = Calcium Carbonate, commonly found in chalk, limestone, and marble.