Explanation

Alcohol and water form a miscible liquid mixture with different boiling points.

Fractional distillation effectively separates them based on their boiling point differences.

Explanation

A basic buffer is made by combining a weak base with its salt formed with a strong acid (e.g., NH₄OH + NH₄Cl).

This mixture resists pH change upon addition of small amounts of acid or base.

Explanation

The Born-Haber cycle is a thermodynamic cycle used to calculate the lattice energy of ionic compounds.

It uses known values like ionization energy, electron affinity, and enthalpies to find the unknown lattice energy.

Explanation

The dipole moment of H₂O (water) is approximately 1.83 Debye.

This is due to the bent shape and the difference in electronegativity between hydrogen and oxygen.

Explanation

In beta decay (β⁻ emission), a neutron in the nucleus converts into a proton and emits a beta particle (electron).

This increases the atomic number by 1, but the atomic mass remains nearly the same.

Explanation

Anthracite is the hardest and most mature form of coal, containing the highest percentage of carbon (about 86–98%).

It burns cleanly with very little smoke.

It has the highest energy content among coal types.

Explanation

Graham Edgar introduced the octane number concept in the 1920s to measure the anti-knocking quality of fuels.

He established iso-octane (100) and n-heptane (0) as reference points for rating fuels.

Explanation

Iso-octane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane) is assigned an octane number of 100 because it resists knocking in engines.

It serves as the standard reference fuel for high-quality performance in internal combustion engines.

Explanation

The reaction where larger hydrocarbons (like C₈H₁₈) break into smaller ones (like C₃H₆ and fragments) is called cracking.

Cracking is commonly used in the petroleum industry to produce smaller, more useful hydrocarbons such as alkenes and gasoline.

Explanation

sp² hybridization involves one s and two p orbitals, forming three hybrid orbitals in a planar triangular (trigonal planar) shape.

The bond angles in this geometry are approximately 120°, seen in molecules like BF₃ or C₂H₄.