Explanation

Lead (Pb) belongs to Group IVA (Group 14) of the periodic table, along with carbon, silicon, and tin.

Elements in this group have 4 valence electrons and show a mix of metallic and non-metallic properties.

Explanation

Laughing gas is the common name for nitrous oxide (N₂O), a colorless gas with a slightly sweet smell.

It acts as a mild anesthetic and analgesic.

It is often used in dentistry and surgery.

Explanation

Alpha particles consist of 2 protons and 2 neutrons, making them identical to the nucleus of a helium atom (He²⁺).

They carry a +2 charge.

They are emitted during alpha decay in radioactive elements.

Explanation

Crystal lattices are classified into seven crystal systems based on their unit cell geometry.

These include:

1. Cubic
2. Tetragonal
3. Orthorhombic
4. Monoclinic
5. Triclinic
6. Hexagonal
7. Rhombohedral (Trigonal)

Explanation

Ketones are formed by the oxidation of secondary alcohols, where the –OH group is bonded to a carbon attached to two other carbons.

Unlike primary alcohols (which give aldehydes), secondary alcohols yield ketones without further oxidation.

Explanation

Acetic acid is commonly produced through the fermentation of ethanol by Acetobacter bacteria.

This biological process is widely used in making vinegar, which contains acetic acid.

Explanation

LiAlH₄ is a strong reducing agent that effectively reduces carboxylic acids to primary alcohols.

NaBH₄ is weaker and typically reduces aldehydes and ketones.

Explanation

Water (H₂O) is composed of 2 hydrogen atoms (1g each) and 1 oxygen atom (16g) → total molar mass = 18g.

Percentage of oxygen = (16/18) × 100 = 88.8% by mass.

Explanation

A mass spectrometer separates ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio (M/E).

Ions with different masses or charges will follow different paths in the magnetic field, allowing separation.

Explanation

Atomicity refers to the number of atoms present in a single molecule of an element or compound.

For example, O₂ has an atomicity of 2, while P₄ has an atomicity of 4.