Explanation

Explanation

• Ideal gas law assumes no intermolecular forces and zero molecular volume.
• Real gases show attractive forces between molecules.
• Gas molecules occupy finite space, reducing free volume.
• Van der Waals constants a (attraction) and b (volume) correct these assumptions.
• Thus, the equation explains real gas behavior.

Last updated question 25 feb 2026

Explanation

• A concentration cell has identical electrodes on both sides.
• There is no chemical difference between the electrodes.
• The only driving force is the difference in electrolyte concentration.
• No ion transference occurs across the junction.
• Hence, emf depends solely on concentration gradient.

Last updated question 25 feb 2026

Explanation

Explanation

Explanation

Explanation

 SI unit of angular acceleration is rad per second per second or rad/s2.

Explanation

• Hard acids are small, highly charged, and less polarizable.

• Hard bases are also small, highly electronegative, and less polarizable.

• Therefore, hard–hard interactions are most stable.

Example:

• Hard acid: H⁺, Al³⁺

• Hard base: F⁻, OH⁻

Rule to remember:
Hard acid → Hard base
Soft acid → Soft base

Question updated on 21-feb-2026

Explanation

• Solubility product (Ksp) depends only on temperature.
• When temperature increases, the value of Ksp increases.
• As an equilibrium constant, its value is independent of concentration or the presence of other ions, changing only when the temperature changes, which alters the ion concentrations at saturation

Explanation

• Oxidation state indicates the number of electrons an atom has gained or lost.
• Moving from –3 → 0 means the element loses 3 electrons.
• Loss of electrons is called oxidation.
• This process increases the element’s oxidation number.
• Example: Nitrogen in NH₃ (–3) → N₂ (0) during oxidation.

Last updated question 17-02-2026