Explanation

A covalent bond is formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.

This sharing creates a strong bond between the atoms, holding molecules together.

Explanation

During beta-minus (β⁻) decay, a neutron transforms into a proton.

This process emits an electron (β⁻ particle) from the nucleus.

Along with the electron, an antineutrino is also emitted to conserve energy and momentum.

This conversion increases the atomic number of the element by one.

Beta decay is common in unstable isotopes trying to achieve nuclear stability.

Explanation

Noble gas atoms generally do not form bonds under normal conditions

Due to their full valence electron shells, making them highly stable and inert.

However, under extreme pressure, low temperatures, or with highly reactive elements like fluorine and oxygen,

They can form compound bonds, primarily involving heavier gases like xenon. 

Explanation

Beta decay emits high-energy, high-speed particles,

Specifically, an electron  along with an antineutrino, or a positron along with a neutrino

These particles are emitted from the atomic nucleus to achieve a more stable neutron-to-proton ratio. 

Explanation

• LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)
• Mainly consists of hydrocarbons like propane and butane.
• These are gases composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms.
• It is used as fuel for cooking and heating.

Last updated 08 Nov 2026 by NA

Explanation

• The first process in a petroleum refinery is Distillation.
• It is also known as Fractional Distillation.
• This process separates crude oil into various fractions or types of hydrocarbons, based on their boiling points and molecular weights.

Additional information:

The processes in a petroleum refinery:

1. Cracking
2. Reforming
3. Isomerization
4. Hydrotreating
5. Hydrocracking
6. Catalytic Cracking
7. Alkylation

Last verified on 22-01-2026

Explanation

Oxygen was discovered in 1774 by English chemist Joseph Priestley,

He isolated it by heating mercuric oxide and called it "dephlogisticated air".

Oxygen was discovered independently by Carl Wilhelm Scheele (around 1772)

Explanation

• Compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms are called isomers.
• Isomers can have different chemical and physical properties despite having the same number of atoms.

• Additional information:
  • Example of isomers: C₂H₆O → Ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH) and Dimethyl ether (CH₃OCH₃)
  • Isomerism is classified into structural isomers and stereoisomers.

Explanation

• Glycerin (glycerol) is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid.
• It is commonly used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food products.

Additional information:

• Glycerin is non-toxic and safe in small quantities.
• It acts as a humectant, helping retain moisture.

Last verified on 20-01-2026

Explanation

• Carbon has a valency of 4, meaning it can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms.
• This property allows carbon to form complex organic compounds.
• It is the backbone of all organic molecules.

Additional information:

Examples of Carbon Compounds (5):

1. Methane (CH₄)
2. Ethane (C₂H₆)
3. Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)
4. Ethanol (C₂H₅OH)
5. Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

Last verified on 19-01-2026