Explanation

• The causative organism of malaria (Plasmodium) was discovered by Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran in 1880.
• He identified the parasite in the blood of infected patients.
• This discovery proved that malaria is caused by a protozoan parasite.

Additional information:

• Ronald Ross discovered that malaria spreads through female Anopheles mosquito (1897).

Last verified on 09-06-2026

Explanation

• Nicolaus Copernicus is called the Father of Modern Astronomy.
• He introduced the heliocentric theory in 1543.
• This theory stated that the Sun is at the center of the solar system.
• His ideas changed the old belief that Earth is the center.

Additional information:

• Galileo Galilei, a later figure, is often called the "father of observational astronomy".

Last verified on 01-06-2026

Explanation

• A lactometer is used to measure the purity and density (thickness) of milk.
• It checks if milk has been adulterated with water by measuring specific gravity.
• Works on the principle of buoyancy.
• Pure milk specific gravity: 1.028–1.032 at 15°C

Last verified on 16-03-2026

Explanation

• Carl Linnaeus is known as the Father of Biological Classification (Taxonomy).
• He introduced the binomial nomenclature system (two-name system).
• This system gives every organism a Genus and Species name.
• It made classification of living organisms systematic and universal.
• His work is the foundation of modern taxonomy.

Last verified on 21-05-2026

Explanation

• Surgeon: Christiaan Barnard
• Patient: Louis Washkansky
• Donor: Denise Darvall
• Date: 3 December 1967
• Hospital: Groote Schuur Hospital
• Location: Cape Town, South Africa
• Type: First human heart transplant

Last verified on 03-05-2026

Explanation

• Edward Jenner was an English physician and scientist.
• He discovered the first vaccine for smallpox in 1796.
• He observed that milkmaids infected with cowpox were protected from smallpox.
• This led to the development of vaccination (cowpox-based immunity method).
• He is known as the Father of Immunology.

Last verified on 02-05-2026

Explanation

• Polio Vaccines: Developed to prevent poliomyelitis, a viral disease causing paralysis.
• Jonas Salk (US, 1950s): Created the first inactivated (killed) polio vaccine; tested on himself and family in 1953; officially used in 1955.
• Albert Sabin (1961): Developed the live attenuated (weakened) oral polio vaccine.
• Recent Campaigns: Israel launched a polio vaccine drive in April 2022 after 1988 efforts.

Last verified on 03-04-2026

Explanation

• Isaac Newton (1642–1727) was an English physicist and mathematician.
• He formulated the laws of motion and law of universal gravitation.
• His work laid the foundation for classical mechanics.

Last verified on 02-04-2026

Explanation

Samuel Hahnemann

• Birth: 1755
• Death: 1843
• Country: Germany
• Principle: “Similia similibus curentur” (like cures like)
• Famous work: Organon of Medicine

Last verified on 30-03-2026

Explanation

• Albert Einstein received the Nobel Prize for his discovery of the Law of the photoelectric effect
• The 1921 prize was actually awarded in 1922.