Explanation

• RAM (Random Access Memory) directly affects multitasking performance.
• More RAM lets the computer run many applications at the same time smoothly.
• Banking systems with multiple open programs rely heavily on available RAM.
• Insufficient RAM causes slowdowns and lag.

Last verified on 16-02-2026

Explanation

Bandwidth refers to the amount of data transmitted per second.

It is measured in bits per second (bps).

It indicates the speed or capacity of a network connection.

Last updated 15-feb-2026

Explanation

In a network with 25 computers, a full mesh topology requires the most extensive cabling. 

Mesh Topology: Every node is connected to every other node, creating 300 unique connections for 25 computers.

Last updated 15-feb-2026

Explanation

Explanation

There is no “Process” layer in the OSI model.

“Process layer” is sometimes mistakenly referred to, but it does not exist in OSI terminology.

The OSI model has 7 layers:

1. Physical

2. Data Link

3. Network

4. Transport

5. Session

6. Presentation

7. Application

   
   

   Last updated 15-feb-2026

Explanation

Explanation

A Denial of Service attack is a cyberattack in which an attacker overloads a network, server, or system with traffic,

Making it unavailable to legitimate users.

Common types include:

• Flood attacks
• Ping of Death
• SYN Flood

Last updated 15-feb-2026

Explanation

• ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is used by network devices to:

  • Report errors (e.g., unreachable host)

  • Test network connectivity (e.g., ping command)

It does not carry user data like HTTP or FTP; it is solely for control and diagnostic purposes.

Last updated 15-feb-2026

Explanation

Explanation

The basic structure of a computer was developed by John von Neumann in 1945. 

It is known as the von Neumann architecture or von Neumann model,

He was the Hungarian-American mathematician and physicist 

Last updated 15-feb-2026