Explanation

Species diversity refers to the variety of species within a specific ecosystem, region, or the entire planet. It includes:

1. Species richness - The number of different species in a given area.

2. Species evenness - The relative abundance of each species in the area.

Explanation

 According to the IUCN Red List categories, Least Concern (LC) indicates a species is at the lowest risk of extinction, meaning it's widespread and abundant. 

Explanation

 The modern genus of horse, Equus, is believed to have evolved from Dinohippus, via the intermediate form Plesippus. 

Explanation

 Human sex hormones, also known as sex steroids, are made up of steroids specifically derived from cholesterol. 

Steroid Hormones:

Sex hormones, like testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone, belong to a class of hormones called steroid hormones. 

Lipid Derived:

Steroid hormones are lipids, meaning they are fat-soluble molecules. 

Cholesterol as Precursor:

These hormones are synthesized from cholesterol, a type of lipid. 

Explanation

Ecotones:

Ecotones are transitional areas between different ecosystems or biomes, where there's a change in species composition and abundance. 

Beta Diversity:

Beta diversity measures the difference in species composition between different habitats or communities, which is precisely what happens at an ecotone. 

Alpha Diversity:

Alpha diversity refers to the diversity within a single habitat or community. 

Gamma Diversity:

Gamma diversity refers to the total diversity across a region or landscape. 

Explanation

 The major effect of habitat fragmentation is Inbreeding & loss of genetic diversity,

As it leads to reduced gene flow and increased isolation of populations

Ultimately decreasing the genetic diversity and increasing the risk of inbreeding

Explanation

The data in a "Red Data Book" (or Red List) is indeed related to endangered and threatened species,

Including both plants and animals, and is maintained by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). 

Explanation

 The most precious falcons used in falconery are the Saker and the Peregrine falcons.

Explanation

The Demoiselle crane is a migratory bird that visits Pakistan

Demoiselle Crane ( Anthropoides virgo):

This species breeds in central Eurasia, ranging from the Black Sea to Mongolia and northeast China. 

Migration:

Demoiselle cranes are migratory birds, and those from Asia, Mongolia, and China spend the winter in the Indian subcontinent, including Pakistan. 

Explanation

 The heartbeat is normally initiated by the sinoatrial (SA) node, a group of specialized cells in the right atrium, acting as the heart's natural pacemaker.