Explanation

• Shura means consultation and collective deliberation in decision-making.
• Islam encourages leaders to consult knowledgeable and relevant people before making important decisions.
• The Qur’an praises those whose affairs are conducted through mutual consultation (Surah Ash-Shura, 42:38).
• Consultation helps leaders consider different viewpoints, evaluate evidence, and make informed decisions.

Last verified on 19-10-2026

Explanation

• Fiqh al-Mu‘āmalāt is the branch of Islamic jurisprudence dealing with transactions and dealings among people.
• It covers contracts, buying and selling, trade, partnerships, leasing, debts, and financial obligations.
• Its principles emphasize mutual consent, honesty, justice, and the fulfilment of contractual obligations.

Additional information:

• Fiqh al-‘Ibādāt deals with acts of worship, such as Salah, fasting, Zakat, and Hajj.
• Fiqh al-Jināyāt concerns criminal offences and their legal consequences within Islamic jurisprudence.

Last verified on 19-10-2026

Explanation

• Author: Allama Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938), a philosopher, poet, and thinker.
• Book: The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam, based on a series of lectures delivered mainly during 1928–1930 and published in book form in 1934.
• Central idea: Iqbal advocated re-examining Islamic thought in light of modern intellectual and scientific developments while maintaining its connection with divine revelation.
• Role of Ijtihad: He emphasized independent legal reasoning as a means of addressing changing circumstances and new challenges.

Last verified on 19-10-2026

Explanation

• Muhammad Asad (1900–1992) was a Muslim scholar, writer, and thinker who examined the relationship between Islam and Western civilization.
• In Islam at the Crossroads (1934), he warned Muslims against blindly adopting Western cultural patterns without critically examining their underlying values.
• His central concern was that Western social and moral assumptions could conflict with the Islamic worldview and gradually influence Muslim identity.
• He distinguished between adopting useful scientific and technical knowledge and uncritically accepting an entire civilization’s values and way of life.

Last verified on 19-10-2026

Explanation

• Mudarabah is an Islamic financial partnership between the capital provider (Rabb-ul-Mal) and the working partner (Mudarib).
• The capital provider supplies the investment, while the Mudarib manages the business and provides the necessary work and expertise.
• Profits are distributed according to a mutually agreed ratio, not as a guaranteed fixed amount.
• In the event of a genuine financial loss, the capital provider loses the invested capital, while the Mudarib loses the time and effort invested.

Last verified on 19-10-2026