Explanation

Pakistan's ideology is fundamentally based on Islam and the Two-Nation Theory

Islamic Identity: The belief that Islam is a complete way of life

Two-Nation Theory: Muslims and Hindus are two separate nations

Explanation

• Brainstorming is a widely used technique to generate creative ideas and solutions by encouraging free thinking without immediate judgment.
• It helps individuals or groups explore multiple possibilities quickly, fostering innovation and originality.

Last verified on 22-01-2026

Explanation

Explanation

The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth’s atmosphere.

It extends from the Earth’s surface up to about 8–15 km (varies with latitude).

All weather phenomena like rain, clouds, and storms occur in this layer.

It contains approximately 75–80% of the atmosphere’s mass.

The temperature in the troposphere decreases with altitude.

Explanation

• Latest Member Added: Afghanistan in 2007
• SAARC Founded: 8 December 1985
• SAARC Secretariat Location: Kathmandu, Nepal
• Total Member Countries: 8 (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Maldives, Pakistan, Sri Lanka)

• SAARC Secretariat Established: 16 January 1987
• First Secretary-General: Abul Ahsan (Bangladesh)
• Inaugurated By: King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah of Nepal
• Observer States: 9 (Australia, China, EU, Iran, Japan, Mauritius, Myanmar, South Korea, USA)

Last verified on 18-01-2026

Explanation

First Governor: Sir Francis Mudie (15 Aug 1947 – 2 Aug 1949)

Additional information:

• West Punjab Province Duration: 15 August 1947 – 14 October 1955
  • Capital: Lahore
  • Divisions: Lahore, Sargodha, Multan, Rawalpindi

Subsequent Governors:

• • Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar (2 Aug 1949 – 24 Nov 1951)
  • Ismail Ibrahim Chundrigar (24 Nov 1951 – 2 May 1953)
  • Mian Aminuddin (2 May 1953 – 24 Jun 1954)
  • Habib Ibrahim Rahmatullah (26 Sep 1954 – 26 Nov 1954)
  • Mushtaq Ahmad Gurmani (27 Nov 1954 – 14 Oct 1955)

Last verified on 18-01-2026

Explanation

• In Microsoft Word, Header and Footer are used to add text, page numbers, or images at the top or bottom of a page.
• They help in document formatting and consistency across multiple pages.

• Location: Insert Tab → Text Group → Header & Footer

Last verified on 17-01-2026

Explanation

• London is located in southeastern England on the River Thames.
  • London Tower is situated on the banks of the Thames.
  • Thames flows through central London, including Tower Bridge, London Eye, Tower of London.
  
  
  Additional information:
  River Thames facts:
  Part of the longest river system in England
  Has 45 locks
  Home to 25+ fish species

• Tower Bridge: movable double-leaf bascule bridge

Last verified on 17-01-2026

Explanation

Full Form: Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)

Date of Establishment: 1985

Headquarters: Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran

Official Language: English

Currency: Uses 10 different member currencies

Founders: Turkey, Iran, Pakistan

Members: 10 member states + 1 observer (Northern Cyprus)

ECO 10 Member States:

1. Türkiye
2. Iran
3. Pakistan
4. Afghanistan
5. Azerbaijan
6. Kazakhstan
7. Kyrgyz Republic
8. Uzbekistan
9. Tajikistan
10. Turkmenistan

Last verified on 17-01-2026

Explanation

• Electron: Discovered by J. J. Thomson, 1897

Additional information:

• Proton: Discovered by Ernest Rutherford, 1919
• Neutron: Discovered by James Chadwick, 1932
• Atomic Model Proposed: Plum Pudding Model
• Significance: First subatomic particle discovered

Last updated by NA on 05-11-2026