Explanation

Cilia and flagella have a characteristic "9+2" arrangement of microtubules: nine outer pairs and two central single tubules.

Explanation

The selective permeability of a membrane is primarily due to its lipid bilayer and the embedded proteins.

Lipids form the basic structure of the membrane, while proteins play roles in transport and signaling.

Explanation

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is involved in the synthesis of lipids, including phospholipids and steroids.

Explanation

The glyoxisome is a single-membrane organelle.

In contrast, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria all have double membranes.

Explanation

Maltose is a disaccharide consisting of two glucose units linked by an α-1,4 glycosidic bond.

Explanation

Keratin is a structural protein found in hair, nails, and the outer layer of the skin.

 Keratin serves important structural and protective functions, particularly in the epithelium.

Explanation

Alpha-ketoglutarate is a five-carbon compound in the Kreb's cycle.

Citric acid (citrate) and malic acid are six-carbon and four-carbon compounds, respectively.

Explanation

The chloride shift, or Hamburger's phenomenon

Refers to the exchange of chloride ions (Cl⁻) for bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻)

Across the red blood cell membrane to maintain electrochemical balance.

Explanation

Residual volume is the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a maximum exhalation,

preventing the lungs from collapsing and allowing for continuous gas exchange.

Explanation

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a bacterium commonly used to introduce foreign genes into plants, creating transgenic plants like golden rice.

It naturally transfers DNA into plant genomes.