Explanation

• Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick developed POSDCORB in 1937 as part of their work on public administration.
• POSDCORB represents key functions of administration and management.
• P = Planning
• O = Organizing
• S = Staffing
• D = Directing
• CO = Coordinating
• R = Reporting
• B = Budgeting

Last verified on 13-08-2026

Explanation

POSDCORB is an acronym that stands for:

• Planning: Setting goals and objectives
• Organizing: Team structure and coordination
• Staffing: Recruitment and training
• Directing: Leadership and guidance
• Coordinating: Time and resource management
• Reporting: Progress updates and feedback
• Budgeting: Financial planning and control

Last verified on 08-08-2026

Explanation

• SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats.
• In educational planning, SWOT analysis is used to assess the internal and external factors affecting an institution or educational plan.
• Strengths and Weaknesses are internal factors.
• Opportunities and Threats are external factors.
• It helps educational planners make better strategic decisions.

Last verified on 08-08-2026

Explanation

• Max Weber is widely considered the father of bureaucratic theory.
• His work "Economy and Society" (1922) is a seminal text on the subject.
• Weber's theory of bureaucracy emphasized the importance of hierarchy, rules, and impersonality in organizational structure.

Last verified on 08-08-2026

Explanation

Frederick Winslow Taylor is the father of scientific management.

FW Taylor was an American mechanical engineer.

FW Taylor was one of the first management consultants.

In 1909, Taylor summed up his efficiency techniques in his book The Principles of Scientific Management.

Explanation

• The most effective way is to use positive reinforcement and calm handling of the situation.
• It helps in improving student behavior without humiliation or conflict.
• Teacher should guide the student instead of punishment or ignoring.
• Positive behavior is encouraged through praise and motivation.
• It creates a healthy and controlled classroom environment.

Last verified on 09-06-2026

Explanation

• Educational measurement deals with the numerical profile of student performance.
• It focuses on assigning numbers, scores, and grades to learning outcomes.
• It helps in quantifying students’ achievement levels.
• It is used to compare and evaluate performance objectively.

Last verified on 09-06-2026

Explanation

• Absolute marking exists in the form of GPA or direct marks.
• It evaluates students based on fixed criteria, not comparison with others.
• Each student is judged according to their own performance level.
• It is different from relative grading (ranking system).

Last verified on 09-06-2026

Explanation

• Team teaching promotes better planning and effective instruction.
• It involves two or more teachers working together in one classroom.
• Teachers share planning, teaching, and evaluation tasks.
• It improves teaching quality and student understanding.
• It reduces workload on a single teacher.

Last verified on 09-06-2026

Explanation

• The discussion method is mostly student-centered.
• It encourages active participation of students in learning.
• Students share ideas, ask questions, and express opinions.
• Teacher acts as a facilitator, not a lecturer.
• It develops critical thinking and communication skills.

Last verified on 09-06-2026