Explanation

Q. 3. (a) (i) Why are the bat and whale considered mammals?

Bats and whales are considered mammals because they share several characteristics, including:

Warm-blooded: 

Mammary glands:

Live birth: 

Complex brains: 

Backbone: 

(ii) Write a note on liver juice ‘Bile’. (5)

(b)How the urine is formed? Describe the role of the kidney in excretion. (5)

Urine Formation:
Urine is formed through three main processes in the kidneys: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.

Blood is filtered in the glomerulus, removing waste and excess substances, which pass into the tubules.

Role of Kidney in Excretion:
The kidneys filter waste, excess ions, and toxins from the blood to produce urine, which is then excreted. 

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(c) (i) How is a bacterial cell different from a plant cell?

Bacterial Cell vs. Plant Cell:
A bacterial cell is a prokaryote, meaning it lacks a defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while a plant cell is a eukaryote with both a nucleus and organelles.

Plant cells have a rigid cell wall made of cellulose and contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis, whereas bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan, and bacteria lack chloroplasts.

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(ii) What do you think low temperatures slow down cold-blooded animals? (5)

Low temperatures slow down cold-blooded animals because their body temperature depends on the external environment.

As temperatures drop, their metabolic processes, which control energy and movement, slow significantly, causing them to become less active or even enter a dormant state. This helps them conserve energy until temperatures rise.

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(d)What is hepatitis, its types, causes, prevention, and cure? (5)

Hepatitis:
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver, commonly caused by viral infections, but it can also result from toxins, alcohol, or autoimmune diseases.

Types:
The main types are Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E, differing in transmission modes, severity, and long-term effects.

Prevention and Cure:
Vaccines (for Hepatitis A and B), practicing good hygiene, safe food, and water consumption prevent hepatitis; treatment varies by type, including antiviral medications and lifestyle changes for management.

Explanation

NOTE: The question has 4 parts each part of the question contains 5 marks

(part a) Define ceramic and nano-ceramic materials. Why the nano-ceramics show better properties than their ceramic counterparts? Write the applications of ceramic materials.

(part b)What is ‘Black Hole’? How black holes are formed and discovered? (5)

Black Hole:
A black hole is a region in space with a gravitational pull so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape from it.

Formation and Discovery:
 They were first theorized by Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity a

(part c)Write two applications of each of the following electromagnetic radiations:

(i) Ultraviolet: 1. Sterilization: 2. Tanning: 

(ii) Infra-red: 1. Thermal Imaging: 2. Heating:

(iii) Microwaves: 1. Cooking: 2. Satellite Communication:

(iv) Radio waves 1. Broadcasting: 2. Wireless Communication:

(v) X-rays. 1. Medical Imaging: 2. Security:

(part d)What is Wildfire? Explain its types, causes, spread, and preventions. 

Wildfire:
A wildfire is an uncontrolled fire that spreads rapidly across vegetation, often in forested areas, fueled by dry conditions, strong winds, and flammable materials.

Types of Wildfire:

1. Ground Fires: 
2. Surface Fires: 
3. Crown Fires: 

Causes of Wildfire:
Wildfires are caused by natural factors like lightning and human activities such as unattended campfires, discarded cigarettes, or arson.

Wildfires spread 

Preventions of Wildfire:

Explanation

 Intelligence is influenced by multiple factors, including:

• heredity (genetics)
• environment (upbringing, social interactions)
• education (access to learning resources and opportunities)

Explanation

Cancer is caused by changes to DNA.

Most cancer-causing DNA changes occur in sections of DNA called genes.

These changes are also called genetic changes.

A DNA change can cause genes involved in normal cell growth to become oncogenes.

Explanation

The Cabinet Mission Plan, proposed in 1946, was a plan to establish a three-tiered federal government in British India: 

1. Central government: Limited to power over defense, foreign relations, currency, and communication 
2. Groups of provinces: Three groups, A, B, and C, focused on the three parts of India: Northwest India, Eastern India, and central portions of India 
3. Individual provinces: Placed at the bottom of the structure

Explanation

The 2023 World Environment Day, held on June 5, focused on plastic pollution

The theme for the day was #BeatPlasticPollution. 

World Environment Day is the world's largest international environmental day held annually.

Explanation

Soil pollution can be caused by acid rain.

It is a type of precipitation that contains high levels of sulfuric and nitric acid.

This can occur when fossil fuels are burned, releasing sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere, which then combine with water and oxygen to form acid rain.

Acid rain can alter the pH of the soil, making it more acidic and potentially harmful to plants and microorganisms.

Explanation

World Bank established: July, 1944

World Bank established during: Bretton Woods Conference

World Bank Members: 189

World Bank aim: to provide loans and grants for various projects

World Bank headquarters: Washington, USA

Word Bank Partner institutions: IBRO, IDA, IFC, MIGA, ICSID (total five institutions)

Pakistan joined World Bank: 1950

World Development Report and Human Capital Index are published World Bank. 

Explanation

On June 2018 FATF added Pakistan to its gray list

Pakistan needs 12 votes out of 39 to exit the “grey" list and move up to join countries that do not require monitoring. 

Pakistan has been removed from the list after four years on 21 October 2022

 FATF decided to retain Pakistan on its ‘Grey List’ till June 2021

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while 

On 24 February 2023, FATF added South Africa and Nigeria to its gray list

On 24 February 2023, FATF removed Cambodia and Morocco from its gray list

Explanation

On May 12–13 2023, Dhaka, Bangladesh hosted the sixth annual Indian Ocean Conference, an event that typically brings together government officials, diplomats, and think tanks from different countries, notably littoral and island ones, to explore ways to bolster regional collaboration