Explanation

Benjamin Bloom introduced the concept of Levels of Abstraction in his Bloom's Taxonomy, classifying learning objectives from simple to complex.

These levels include: Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation—each representing deeper cognitive processing.

Explanation

Jean Piaget proposed that children go through distinct stages of cognitive development, each representing a qualitative change in thinking.

His theory outlines stages like sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational—each fundamentally different in how children perceive and process the world.

Explanation

Wilhelm Wundt, known as the father of experimental psychology.

He was also explored Volkerpsychologie (Ethnic or Cultural Psychology).

He emphasized the complementary role of experimental psychology (lab-based) and ethnic psychology (cross-cultural, language, myths) in understanding human behavior.

Explanation

Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature, sources, and limits of knowledge — asking questions like “How do we know what we know?”

It explores concepts such as belief, truth, justification, and how knowledge is acquired and validated.

Explanation

Learning objectives define what students are expected to know, understand, or do after instruction — making them the foundation of curriculum design.

All other elements like content, teaching methods, and assessment are aligned to these objectives.

Explanation

The Individualization Principle focuses on designing curriculum that caters to the diverse needs, abilities, and interests of individual learners.

It allows flexibility in pace, content, and teaching methods to support personalized learning.

Explanation

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is a psychiatric condition where a person, usually a child, displays persistent anger, irritability, and defiant behavior toward authority figures.

It is marked by aggressiveness, argumentativeness, and intentional annoyance of others.

Explanation

Determinism is the philosophical view that behavior is determined by factors such as the unconscious mind, environment, or biology.

Many personality theories like Freud’s psychoanalysis (unconscious), behaviorism (environment), and biological theories adopt this assumption.

Explanation

Personality refers to the enduring patterns of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that define how a person consistently interacts with the world.

It is shaped by biological, psychological, and environmental factors, and remains relatively stable over time.

Explanation

Adaptation involves modifying motor skills to meet special situations, which falls under the Psychomotor Domain of Bloom’s Taxonomy (as revised by Simpson).

This domain deals with physical movement, coordination, and use of motor skills.