Explanation

• The dollar sign ($) is used to create an absolute cell reference in MS Excel.

Additional information:

• Absolute Reference: $D$2 (Row and column fixed)
• Relative Reference: D2 (Row and column change)
• Mixed Reference: $D2 (Column fixed)
• Mixed Reference: D$2 (Row fixed)
• Shortcut Key: F4 toggles between reference types.

Last verified on 18-07-2026

Explanation

• Win + R opens the Run dialog box in Windows.
• It allows users to quickly open programs, folders, files, and system tools by typing commands

Additional Information:

• cmd: Opens the Command Prompt.
• notepad: Opens Notepad.
• msconfig: Opens System Configuration.
• control: Opens the Control Panel

Last updated 07-09-2026 by NA

Explanation

• Gateway — connects networks with different protocols; performs protocol conversion (works up to the application layer).

Additional information:

• Bridge — connects networks using the same protocol (data link layer).
• Router — connects networks using the same protocol, typically IP (network layer).

Last updated NA on 10-09-2026

Explanation

• CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access.
•  It is a digital wireless radio transmission technology
• Used in mobile phones and communication networks

Last updated NA on 10-09-2026

Explanation

• ISDN stands for Integrated Services Digital Network.
• It is a set of communication standards.
• It transmits voice, video, and data simultaneously.

Last updated NA on 10-09-2026

Explanation

 Slide Master View

• Used to edit global layouts, fonts, and backgrounds across all slides
• Changes apply uniformly to the entire presentation

Additional information:

• Normal View – edits individual slides one at a time; no global changes.
• Reading View – for viewing/reviewing only; not editable.
• Slide Sorter View – rearranges slide order; no editing of content or layouts.

Last updated 07-09-2026 by NA

Explanation

• XLOOKUP replaces VLOOKUP and HLOOKUP.
• Works both horizontally and vertically
• Direct return range — no column number
• Built-in "not found" option
• No need for sorted data

Additional information:

• SUM and AVERAGE — These are aggregation functions, unrelated to lookups.
• COUNT and COUNTA — These count cells; not replaced by XLOOKUP.
• IF and AND — Logical functions, not lookup functions.

Last updated 07-09-2026 by NA

Explanation

• HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) uses Port 443 for secure communication
• It protects sensitive information like passwords, credit card numbers, and personal data from being stolen or read by attackers

Additional information

• Port 80 — standard HTTP (unencrypted web traffic)
• Port 21 — FTP (file transfer)
• Port 25 — SMTP (email sending)

Last updated 07-09-2026 by NA

Explanation

• 1 Petabyte (PB) is equivalent to 1,024 Terabytes (TB) in binary measurement and 1,000 Terabytes (TB) in decimal measurement
• Binary (Base-2, used by operating systems):
• 1 PB = 1,024 TB
• 1,048,576 GB (1,024 × 1,024 GB)
• Decimal (Base-10, used by storage manufacturers):
• 1 PB = 1,000 TB
• 1,000,000,000,000,000 bytes (10¹⁵ bytes) 

Last updated 07-09-2026 by NA

Explanation

• The primary function of a Subnet Mask in IPv4 networking is to distinguish the Network ID from the host ID
•  It splits the 32-bit IPv4 address into two distinct parts.
• Uses bitwise AND with the IP address to separate the network and host portions
• Not for: MAC addressing (ARP), encryption (IPsec/TLS), auto-assignment (DHCP)

Last updated 07-09-2026 by NA