Explanation

• Rice cultivation is restricted before 20th May.
• This rule helps in better water management.
• Ensures proper crop growth and yield.

Last verified on 30-01-2026

Explanation

• Gandal is a variety of sugarcane commonly grown for sugar production.
• Developed for high yield and sugar content in suitable climates.
• Widely cultivated in Pakistan’s sugarcane-growing regions.

Last verified on 03-02-2026

Explanation

Loose smut is a fungal disease that affects wheat.

Additional information:

Major wheat fungal diseases:

• Loose smut – Ustilago tritici
• Leaf rust – Puccinia triticina
• Stem rust – Puccinia graminis
• Stripe rust – Puccinia striiformis
• Karnal bunt – Tilletia indica

Last verified on 24-01-2026

Explanation

• Halophytes are plants that thrive in saline or salty soils.
• They have adaptations to survive high salt concentrations in soil or water.
• Common in coastal areas, salt marshes, and saline deserts.

Last verified on 03-02-2026

Explanation

• Gibberellin is the plant hormone required for seed germination.
• It stimulates the production of enzymes like amylase that break down starch into sugars.
• Provides energy and nutrients for the growing embryo.

Last verified on 03-02-2026

Explanation

• Mustard seeds require light for germination to break dormancy and initiate growth.
• Seeds of wheat and pea can germinate in darkness.
• Light-sensitive germination is common in small-seeded plants.

Last verified on 03-02-2026

Explanation

• Dead heart disease in sugarcane is caused by the shoot borer (a larval pest).
• The larvae bore into the central shoot, killing the growing point.
• Affected shoots turn brown and die, reducing yield significantly.

Last verified on 03-02-2026

Explanation

• Uracil (U) is not a base found in DNA.
• Instead, it is found in RNA (ribonucleic acid), where it replaces Thymine (T).

The four organic bases found in DNA are:

1. Adenine (A)
2. Cytosine (C)
3. Thymine (T)
4. Guanine (G)

Last verified on 03-02-2026

Explanation

• Sterilization is the process of killing all forms of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores.
• Ensures complete microbial safety of food, medical equipment, and laboratory materials.

Additional information:

• Different from pasteurization, which only kills most harmful microbes but not all spores.

Last verified on 03-02-2026

Explanation

• Cereals like wheat are fermented using yeast or sourdough to produce bread.
• Fermentation converts sugars into carbon dioxide and alcohol, causing dough to rise.
• Bread is a staple food made from fermented cereal flour.

Last verified on 03-02-2026