Explanation

• Coriander is grown for its leaves and seeds used in flavoring food.
• Belongs to the condiment/spice category.

Additional information:

• Coriander seeds are rich in essential oils and aromatic compounds.
• Used in pickles, curries, and medicinal purposes.

Last verified on 25-01-2026

Explanation

• Drip irrigation supplies water directly to plant roots.
• It minimizes water loss through evaporation and runoff.

Additional information:

• Drip irrigation reduces weed growth.
• It is ideal for orchards, vegetables, and cash crops.

Last verified on 25-01-2026

Explanation

• Guard-101 and Guard-102 are the latest approved rice varieties in Pakistan.
• Both varieties are high-yielding and suitable for local cultivation conditions.

Additional information:

• Basmati Pak: An older approved aromatic rice variety
• Approval body: Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC)

Last verified on 25-01-2026

Explanation

• Punjab Seed Council is responsible for approving new seed varieties in Punjab.
• It ensures that only tested and certified seeds are released to farmers.

Additional information:

• Function: Promotes high-yield, disease-resistant seeds

Last verified on 25-01-2026

Explanation

• Ear cockle is caused by Anguina tritici, a plant-parasitic nematode.
• Nematodes invade wheat spikes and seeds, deforming kernels.

Additional information:

• Control measures: Crop rotation, resistant varieties, seed treatment
• Impact: Can reduce wheat yield by up to 20–30% in affected fields

Last verified on 25-01-2026

Explanation

• Methyl eugenol attracts male fruit flies into traps.
• It is widely used in integrated pest management (IPM) programs.

Additional information:

• Juvenile hormone: Regulates insect development
• Bombykol: Pheromone for silkworm mating
• Benefit: Reduces fruit damage without broad pesticide use

Last verified on 25-01-2026

Explanation

• Thar and Cholistan are arid desert regions in Pakistan.
• Soil erosion occurs due to natural forces removing the topsoil.
• In deserts, wind is the main agent of erosion.

Additional information:

• Consequences: Formation of sand dunes, reduced agricultural productivity
• Control measures: Planting windbreaks, shrubs, and grasses

Last verified on 25-01-2026

Explanation

• Igneous rocks can transform into metamorphic rocks under heat and pressure.
• Sedimentary rocks also become metamorphic when subjected to metamorphic conditions.

Additional information:

• Examples: Marble (from limestone), Slate (from shale)
• Uses: Construction, decoration, sculptures

Explanation

• Tree circle (tree ring) counting) gives a historical timeline for soil formation.
• Soil development is often linked to age of surrounding vegetation.

Additional information:

• Importance: Helps determine fertility and suitability for crops

Last verified on 25-01-2026

Explanation

• Sedimentary rocks are rocks formed by the deposition and compression of sediments over time.
• Also called stratified rocks because they are formed in layers (strata).
• Often porous, meaning they have small holes (pores) that can contain water or other fluids.

Additional information:

• Cover about 75% of the Earth's surface.
• Examples: Sandstone, Limestone, Shale.
• Usually softer and less dense than igneous rocks.