Explanation

• Building services: Systems like plumbing, electrical, and HVAC.

Additional information 

• Building construction: Physical assembly of the structure.
• Building planning: Designing layout and space allocation.
• Building finishing: Final aesthetic work like painting.

Explanation

• Manhole: Access chamber for line inspection and cleaning.

Additional information

• Gully trap: Disconnects waste pipes from sewers to block gases.
• Septic tank: Underground chamber for anaerobic wastewater treatment.
• Catch basin: Retains heavy debris and grit from storm runoff

Explanation

•  Standard Limit: The Indian Roads Congress (IRC) limits maximum super-elevation to 7% for plain terrain.
• Ratio: A 7% slope mathematically equals a ratio of 1 in 15.
• Purpose: This prevents slow vehicles from sliding inward.

Explanation

• Jet: The stream or column of liquid flowing out into the air or another fluid.

Additional information

• Efflux: The actual outflow or the act of flowing out.
• vena contracta: The point where the cross-section of the fluid stream is smallest, and the velocity is highest.
• Discharge: The total volume of fluid passing through a given cross-section per unit of time.

Explanation

• Skew bridge: Crosses an obstacle at an oblique angle (not a right angle).

Additional information 

• Straight/Normal bridge: Crosses an obstacle at a perfect 90-degree angle.
• Curved bridge: Features a curved alignment rather than a straight path.

Explanation

• The breaking up of the road surface into irregularly shaped pieces due to cracking is known as pothole formation.

Additional information

• Rutting: Longitudinal depressions in wheel paths.
• Corrugation: Wave-like ridges and depressions.
• Creep: Permanent longitudinal movement of pavement.

Explanation

• Tube well: A long, narrow pipe with a strainer at the bottom pushed deep into an underground water layer.

Additional information

• Dug well: A wide hole dug by hand into the ground until it hits water.
• Open well: Another name for a dug well with open walls.
• Artesian well: A well in which water rises on its own due to high pressure in the underlying aquifer.

Explanation

• Height of Instrument (H.I.) is the elevation of the line of sight when the surveying instrument is correctly leveled.
• Formula:
• H.I.=Elevation of B.M.+B.S.​

Explanation

• Back sight: The first reading taken after setup, always on a point of known elevation.

Additional information 

• Fore sight: The last reading taken before moving the instrument.
• Intermediate sight: Any reading taken between the back sight and fore sight.
• Reduced level: A calculated ground height, not an instrument reading.

Explanation

• Ridge Line: Best for hilly terrain because it sits on high ground.
• Natural water flows away from the road, minimizing the need for costly bridges and culverts.

Additional information:

• Valley Line: Avoided due to flood risks and the need for frequent stream crossings.
• Contour Line: Used mainly for irrigation canals, not highways.
• Drainage Line: Avoided completely due to water erosion