Explanation

• Toxicity Definition: Damage or reduced growth caused by excessive nutrient concentration
• Common Toxic Nutrients: Nitrogen, Boron, Copper, Sodium
• Symptoms: Leaf burn, yellowing, stunted growth, root damage
• Management: Balanced fertilization, soil testing, proper irrigation

Last verified on 05-02-2026

Explanation

• Number of Classes: Eight (I to VIII)
• Arable Land: Classes I–IV (suitable for cultivation)
• Non-Arable Land: Classes V–VIII (unsuitable for regular farming, used for grazing, forestry, or conservation)
• Factors Considered: Soil texture, slope, fertility, drainage, erosion, and other limitations
• Purpose: Guides farmers, planners, and policymakers for sustainable land use

Last verified on 05-02-2026

Explanation

• The country primarily has two main cropping seasons.
• Rabi Season: October to March (e.g., wheat, barley, mustard)
• Kharif Season: April to September (e.g., rice, cotton, maize, sugarcane)
• Importance: Allows two major harvests per year in irrigated areas

Last verified on 05-02-2026

Explanation

1. Rice
2. Sugarcane
3. Cotton
4. Maize
5. Bajra
6. Jowar

• Start: April – June
• End: September – October

• Sowing: October – December
• Harvesting: March – May

Last verified on 25-01-2026

Explanation

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

• Definition: Combining biological, cultural, mechanical, and chemical methods for pest control
• Goal: Minimize economic losses and environmental impact

Methods Included:

• Biological control (predators, parasites)
• Cultural practices (crop rotation, sanitation)
• Chemical control (judicious pesticide use)

Last verified on 05-02-2026

Explanation

• Definition: Proportion of sand, silt, and clay particles in soil

Particle Sizes:

• Sand: 0.05–2 mm
• Silt: 0.002–0.05 mm
• Clay: <0.002 mm

Importance: Determines water holding capacity, aeration, and fertility

• Texture Types: Sandy, Silty, Clayey, Loamy
• Measurement: By feel method or sieve analysis

Last verified on 05-02-2026

Explanation

• Soil structure refers to the arrangement or organization of soil particles into aggregates.
• It affects water movement, root growth, and aeration in soil.

Additional information:

• Good soil structure improves fertility and crop yield.
• Tillage, organic matter, and crop rotation help maintain soil structure.

Last verified on 30-01-2026

Explanation

• Species: Gossypium arboreum (Desi cotton)
• Haploid Number (n): 13
• Diploid Number (2n): 26
• Chromosome Type: Monoploid genome in gametes
• Significance: Used in breeding and hybridization programs

Last verified on 05-02-2026

Explanation

RGR stands for Relative Growth Rate

• Definition: Increase in plant biomass per unit biomass per unit time
• Formula: RGR = (ln W2 – ln W1) / (t2 – t1), where W = plant weight
• Use: Compare growth efficiency under different conditions
• Units: g/g/day (grams per gram per day)
• Application: Crop improvement, fertilizer studies, environmental effects on growth

Last verified on 05-02-2026

Explanation

• Form Taken: Nitrate ions (NO₃⁻)
• Other Forms in Soil: Ammonium (NH₄⁺), Nitrite (NO₂⁻) — less commonly absorbed
• Importance: Used to make amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids
• Nitrogen Cycle: Nitrate produced by nitrifying bacteria in soil
• Major Crops: Wheat, rice, maize absorb nitrate efficiently

Last verified on 05-02-2026