Explanation

• Potassium (K) strengthens plant cell walls, helping crops resist diseases and pests.
• Improves stress tolerance against drought, salinity, and cold.
• Common potassium fertilizers include MOP (KCl) and SOP (K₂SO₄).

Last verified on 31-01-2026

Explanation

• Vegetables grown for seed production are usually harvested manually to avoid seed damage.
• Manual harvesting ensures proper selection of mature and healthy plants.
• Helps maintain genetic purity and seed quality.

Last verified on 31-01-2026

Explanation

• Sugarcane pyrilla is a major pest of sugarcane in Pakistan.
• It damages plants by sucking sap from leaves and stems, weakening the crop.

Additional information:

Common sugarcane pests and their feeding types:

• Sugarcane pyrilla – sucking
• White grub – chewing
• Sugarcane stem borer – boring/biting
• Termites – chewing
• Aphids – sucking

Last verified on 24-01-2026

Explanation

• Powdery mildew is a common plant disease caused by fungi.
• Appears as white powdery spots on leaves, stems, and buds.
• Affects growth, yield, and quality of crops.

Additional information:

• Fungal spores spread through air, water, and tools.
• Commonly affects cereals, vegetables, and ornamental plants.

Last verified on 30-01-2026

Explanation

• Red rot is a serious fungal disease of sugarcane.
• Caused by the fungus Colletotrichum falcatum.
• It leads to reddening and rotting of the cane stalk, reducing yield and sugar content.

Last verified on 25-01-2026

Explanation

• Result demonstration involves comparing two or more approved agricultural practices to show their effectiveness based on results.
• Helps farmers see the benefits of improved practices versus traditional methods.
• Often conducted on farmer fields or research plots.

Last verified on 31-01-2026

Explanation

• Agricultural Extension Education provides practical knowledge and skills to farmers outside the formal classroom system.
• Focuses on improving farming practices, crop yield, pest management, and adoption of technology.
• Uses workshops, field demonstrations, farm visits, and radio/TV programs.

Last verified on 31-01-2026

Explanation

• The best irrigation method for orchards and row crops is drip irrigation.
• It delivers water directly to the root zone of each plant, reducing wastage.
• Widely used in areas with limited water availability.

Last verified on 25-01-2026

Explanation

• Soil pH measures the acidity or alkalinity of soil, affecting nutrient availability.
• Most soils in Pakistan are neutral to slightly alkaline, with a pH of 7–8.

Additional information:

pH ranges of soil types:

• Acidic soil – < 7 (e.g., hilly areas of Pakistan)
• Neutral soil – 7
• Slightly alkaline soil – 7–8 (most Pakistani soils)
• Strongly alkaline soil – 8–9
• Sodic soil – > 9

Last verified on 24-01-2026

Explanation

• Radio Pakistan Lahore broadcasts the program Jethy Tery Hall Wagh Day, focusing on agriculture and farmer awareness.
• Provides information on crop management, pest control, and modern farming techniques.
• Helps farmers stay updated with government schemes and agricultural innovations.

Last verified on 31-01-2026