Explanation

• Salinity refers to the accumulation of salts in the soil, which reduces crop growth and yield.
• It affects wheat, sugarcane, and rice, as all are sensitive to high salt levels in soil.

Additional information:

• Salinity can be reduced by proper irrigation, leaching, and salt-tolerant varieties.
• Common in arid and semi-arid regions of Pakistan like Sindh and southern Punjab.

Last verified on 30-01-2026

Explanation

• Diffusion of adoption refers to the process by which new agricultural ideas, practices, or technologies spread among farmers.
• It helps improve productivity, efficiency, and modern farming practices.

Additional information:

• The process often involves extension workers, farmer groups, and demonstrations.
• Rapid diffusion accelerates rural development and food security.

Last verified on 30-01-2026

Explanation

• Anthracnose is a fungal disease of mango caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.
• It causes black spots on leaves, flowers, and fruits, reducing yield and quality.
• Proper irrigation management and avoiding wetting foliage reduces disease spread.

Last verified on 30-01-2026

Explanation

• Controlling stored grains requires proper drying, use of insecticides, and hermetic storage to prevent pest infestation and spoilage.
• These strategies help maintain quality, weight, and nutritional value of grains.

Additional information:

• Hermetic storage also reduces fungal growth and mycotoxin formation.

Last verified on 30-01-2026

Explanation

• Organic mulch is made from natural materials like straw, leaves, compost, or grass clippings.
• It decomposes over time, adding nutrients to the soil and improving fertility.

Additional information:

• Organic mulch also reduces soil erosion and conserves moisture.
• Commonly used in vegetable gardens, orchards, and flower beds.

Last verified on 30-01-2026

Explanation

• Cotton is a crop that can tolerate low water conditions, making it drought resistant.
• It is mainly grown in areas with moderate rainfall and well-drained soil.

Additional information:

• Salt-resistant crops include Barley and Sugar beet.
• Cold-resistant crops include Wheat and Barley.

Last verified on 30-01-2026

Explanation

• Stratification is the process of exposing seeds to low temperature before germination to break dormancy.
• It helps seeds of temperate plants to germinate in the next growing season.

Additional information:

• Vernalization (different) is low temperature exposure for plants, not seeds.
• Scarification involves breaking seed coat to allow water absorption.

Last verified on 30-01-2026

Explanation

• Cotton requires critical irrigation during flowering and boll formation to ensure good yield and fiber quality.
• Water stress at these stages can reduce boll size and number, affecting total production.

Additional information:

• Flowering stage: Ensures healthy flower development
• Boll formation stage: Supports fruiting bodies (bolls) growth

Last verified on 27-01-2026

Explanation

• Denitrification is the loss of nitrogen as gases (N₂ or N₂O) from the soil.
• Occurs more in clayey soils due to poor drainage and waterlogging.
• Reduces soil fertility and crop yield.

Last verified on 30-01-2026

Explanation

• Leguminous plants form a symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium bacteria.
• These bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) into usable forms.
• This process improves soil fertility naturally.
• On average, nitrogen fixation by legumes adds about 210 kg nitrogen per hectare.
• Reduces the need for chemical nitrogen fertilizers.

Last verified on 22-01-2026