Explanation

• Climate refers to the average weather conditions of a region over a long period.
• It includes temperature, rainfall, humidity, and wind patterns.

Additional information:

Examples of climate types:

• Tropical – Amazon, Brazil
• Desert – Sahara, Egypt
• Temperate – UK, Germany
• Polar – Antarctica, Greenland
• Mediterranean – Italy, Greece

Last verified on 24-01-2026

Explanation

• Fungal diseases are caused by fungi, which are microorganisms like molds, yeasts, and rusts.
• They affect plants by infecting leaves, stems, and roots, reducing growth and yield.

Additional information:

Common plant fungal diseases:

• Loose Smut – Wheat (Ustilago tritici)
• Rice Blast – Rice (Magnaporthe oryzae)
• Powdery Mildew – Grapes (Erysiphe spp.)
• Stem Rust – Wheat (Puccinia graminis)
• Sheath Blight – Rice (Rhizoctonia solani)

Last verified on 24-01-2026

Explanation

• Hybrid maize is developed to give higher yield and better disease resistance.
• FH-810 is a well-known hybrid maize variety in Pakistan.

Additional information:

Examples of hybrid maize varieties in Pakistan:

• FH-810 – high-yield, drought-resistant
• FH-985 – short-duration hybrid
• DK-8031 – disease-resistant hybrid
• NK-6240 – quality grain hybrid
• Pioneer-30B80 – widely cultivated hybrid

Last verified on 24-01-2026

Explanation

• Kinnow is a high-yield citrus fruit variety widely grown in Pakistan.
• It is a hybrid of Mandarin and Orange developed for better juice content and taste.
• Kinnow is mostly cultivated in Punjab, especially Sargodha and Multan regions.

Last verified on 24-01-2026

Explanation

• Grasshoppers and crickets are common insects found in fields and gardens.
• They feed on leaves and stems of plants by cutting and chewing plant tissues.

Additional information:

Types of insect mouthparts and examples:

• Chewing / Cutting – Grasshopper, Cricket, Beetle
• Sucking – Aphids, Sugarcane pyrilla, Mosquito
• Sponging – Housefly
• Piercing – Mosquito, Bedbug
• Lapping – Honeybee

Last verified on 24-01-2026

Explanation

• Groundnut (peanut) varieties are developed for better yield, disease resistance, and oil content.
• Popular varieties include BARI-2016, Lasani, and Galaxy-13.

Additional information:

• BARI-2016 – high-yielding, suitable for rainfed areas
• Lasani – drought-resistant, oil-rich variety
• Galaxy-13 – good for both oil and edible purposes
• Punjab-2011 – suitable for saline soils
• Golden – high pod-to-shell ratio

Last verified on 24-01-2026

Explanation

• Cutting the top portion of a stem or plant is a horticultural practice to control growth.
• It encourages bushy growth and more branching.
• This process is called Heading Back.

Additional information:

Common plant pruning/cutting methods:

• Heading Back – cutting top portion to promote branching
• Thinning – removing whole branches or plants to reduce density
• Pinching – removing tips of shoots to encourage lateral growth
• Coppicing – cutting plants near the base for regeneration
• Pruning – general removal of unnecessary or dead parts

Last verified on 24-01-2026

Explanation

• Dobari crops are crops sown on residual soil moisture after the main crop harvest.
• They allow farmers to make use of remaining moisture without additional irrigation.

Additional information:

Examples of dobari crops in Pakistan:

• Wheat – after rice harvest
• Barley – after maize harvest
• Gram – after rice or sorghum
• Lentil – after kharif pulses
• Mustard – after rice in Punjab

Last verified on 24-01-2026

Explanation

• The time between the first and last irrigation of a crop is important for planning water schedules.
• It represents the entire irrigation period needed for crop growth.
• This period is called the Base Period.

Additional information:

• Base period helps in calculating water scheduling and canal supply.
• It varies for different crops and climatic conditions.

Last verified on 24-01-2026

Explanation

• The downward movement of water through soil layers is a key process in hydrology and agriculture.
• Water moves from the soil surface to lower layers due to gravity.
• This process is called Percolation.

Additional information:

Types of water movement in soil:

• Percolation – downward movement through soil
• Seepage – movement through soil horizontally or to groundwater
• Infiltration – water entering the soil surface
• Runoff – water flowing over the surface
• Capillary rise – upward movement of water

Last verified on 24-01-2026