Explanation

• RNA polymerase uses DNA as a template to synthesize RNA.
• Transcription is the first major step in gene expression.
• The resulting RNA may later participate in protein synthesis.

Last verified on 06-11-2026

Explanation

• Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes.
• They digest damaged organelles and cellular waste.
• They are commonly described as the digestive compartments of the cell.

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Explanation

• Parathyroid hormone (PTH) helps increase blood calcium levels.
• It stimulates calcium reabsorption in the kidneys and indirectly increases intestinal absorption through active vitamin D.
• It also promotes calcium release from bones.

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Explanation

• Sori are clusters of sporangia usually found on the underside of fern leaves.
• Sporangia produce spores through meiosis.
• Ferns reproduce through spores rather than seeds.

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Explanation

• Archegonium is the female reproductive structure.
• It produces the egg cell.

Additional information:

• Antheridium is the male reproductive structure that produces sperm cells.

Last verified on 06-11-2026

Explanation

• The gametophyte is the dominant generation in bryophytes.
• The sporophyte remains attached to and nutritionally dependent on the gametophyte.
• Mosses and liverworts are common examples of bryophytes.

Last verified on 06-11-2026

Explanation

• Phycoerythrin is a red accessory photosynthetic pigment.
• It helps red algae absorb light at different depths in water.
• Red algae also contain chlorophyll a.

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Explanation

• Diatoms possess cell walls called frustules.
• Their walls contain silica and usually consist of two overlapping halves.
• Diatoms are important primary producers in aquatic ecosystems.

Last verified on 06-11-2026

Explanation

• During DNA replication, each new DNA molecule contains one original (parental) strand and one newly synthesized strand.
• The Meselson–Stahl experiment (1958) provided experimental evidence for the semi-conservative model.
• DNA replication is essential for passing genetic information to daughter cells.

Last verified on 06-11-2026

Explanation

• The Golgi apparatus modifies proteins received from the endoplasmic reticulum.
• It packages and sorts proteins into vesicles.
• These vesicles transport materials to different cellular destinations.

Last verified on 06-11-2026